Mohammed Cherkaoui. Brown traces the emergence of this new consciousness from its roots in the Black Aesthetic Movement through important milestones such as the anthology The Black Woman and Essence magazine to the writings of Angela Davis, Toni Cade Bambara, and Jayne Cortez. the government. During the rule of the troika, a new party made its, appearance in July 2012. Kimberly Nichele Brown examines how African American women since the 1970s have found ways to move beyond the "double consciousness" of the colonized text to develop a healthy subjectivity that attempts to disassociate black subjectivity from its connection to white culture. Argument How Tunisia’s Islamists Embraced Democracy The Ennahda party was widely seen as a threat to Tunisia's democratic transition. comments/2014C54_wolf.pdf> [Accessed 3 January 2015]. Mr. Saied opposes decriminalizing homosexuality, is against rewriting inheritance laws in favor of gender equality and would like a return to the death penalty. The assassinations and the catastrophic, economic situation, coupled with insecurity at the borders, with Libya, tarnished the image of Ennahda and resulted in a, sharp drop in its popularity. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n4p137. Shareable Link. In the second round, Essebsi defeated Marzouki, who was, favoured by the Islamists with whom he had worked in the, troika, with a comfortable 56.68% of the votes, Marzouki. The presidential election has been peaceful and appears to be largely free and fair. Az „arab tavasz” 10. évfordulójához közeledve hogyan összegezhetjük a 2010/2011- et követő átalakulás mérlegét? Tunisia has not completed a democratic transition—far from it. Impact%20of%20Libyan%20Conflict%20on%20Tunisia%20ENG. All rights reserved. Nondemocratic Regimes. holds the Arab world’s expectations and hopes for authentic, democratisation. Mr. Saied, a law professor at Tunis University, came out ahead in the first round and has secured the endorsement of several rivals. He has no party backing, and his image as a public intellectual has been sharpened by his formal speaking manner. Background In the first round of presidential elections, held on Sept. 15, candidates from establishment parties performed poorly, among them Ennahda, the conservative Islamic party with the most seats in Parliament, and Tahya Tounes, or Long Live Tunisia, the party of Youssef Chahed, the current prime minister. A tágabb közel-keleti térségben 2018 végén egy újabb tüntetéssorozat vette kezdetét, amelyet a média előszeretettel az „arab tavasz” második hullámaként emleget. Contrary to arguments that stress the reflexively apolitical or professional nature of the military, or its leaders' normative commitment to supporting the protesters, this article explains how the decisions made reflected political calculations and served the military's organizational interests. DEMOCRATIC TRANSITION IN TUNISIA1 Introduction Tunisia faced significant social and political challenges following the revolution of 2011. devolving power to elected local councils. Although heralded as the savior of the revolution, the Tunisian military acted out of its own organizational self-interest in defecting from the Ben Ali regime. The election also ended the, presidential system and one-party rule in the country – most, of the executive power will henceforth be in the hands of the. Ennahda permitted Salafist preachers. The main tasks of. The Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet, made up of four civil society groups, was awarded the 2015 Nobel Peace Prize for successfully negotiating a way out of a grave political crisis two years earlier when the transition was close to collapse. Instead, two political outsiders emerged on top and will enter a runoff election in October. The Ben Ali regime had maintained itself through sheer, repression; an impressive security apparatus controlled the, population and suppressed any kind of political protest, no, matter how benign it was. The Tunisian democratic transition is the daughter of its time and therefore marked by its achievements and advances as well as its limits. One notable aspect is the absence of any obvious major political spoilers—powerful forces outside the political scene ready to come back in and wreck the democratic transition. Tunisia stands today … © 2008-2021 ResearchGate GmbH. While the political transition has been successful, overall, the difficult economic situation may pose a threat to, The Economy: The Achilles Heel of Tunisia’, prior to the revolution, conditions since then have, worsened. and Reality in a Context of Transition’, A, www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/, ECON%20Vincent%20notes%20avril%202012%20anglais_, ECON%20Vincent%20notes%20avril%202012%20anglais.pdf>, IMF Inspired Measures May Not Offer the Right Economic, org/en/publications/notes_internacionals/n1_86/tunisia_from_. This year protests brought down authoritarian rulers in Sudan and Algeria, and in recent days protests have returned to the streets of Egypt, despite heavy repression. Time has shown that attempts to transition to democracy in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) following the Arab Uprisings were no minor feat. Political regimes. Overall, the, transition has been peaceful and the various political, parties, civil society, media, trade unions and associations, have demonstrated a level of political consciousness and, tolerance unrivalled in the MENA region. His argument highlights how these elites use certain institutions to sustain authoritarian rule. Supporting the school-to-work journey increases youth employment and … They also decided on the election of a. Furthermore, the regime opposed, genuine democratic reforms under the pretext that there, could be no prosperity and economic growth (under a. liberal system) without the required political stability. Many Tunisians hope that this public rejection of the political elite will reset the system and revive the promises of the 2011 uprising for accountable, legitimate government and wider economic opportunities for all. Their uprising sparked the Arab Spring, which is still reshaping political life in the Middle East. socio-economic challenges, its neglect of the hinterlands, and the widespread political corruption caused its electoral, defeat. Authoritarian Rule and the Mythology of Tunisia Under Ben, (2006) Beyond Electoral Authoritarianism: The Spectrum of, Nondemocratic Regimes. For an excellent, Protesters wave flags during a demonstration in front of Tunisian television headquarters in T. . See Zoubir, Y, United States and Tunisia: Model of Stable Relations. On January 14, 2011, in the face of peaceful mass demonstrations, Tunisian dictator Zine El Abidine Ben Ali fled the country and his dictatorship crumbled. Tunisia gained widespread international attention following its popular uprising against authoritarian leader Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali and successful transition to democracy. Investing in diverse youth leaders demonstrates the power of youth to address vulnerabilities and violent... 2. The peaceful revolution by civil, society and the powerful trade union, the Tunisian General, Labour Union (UGTT), had sent shockwaves, causing other, uprisings throughout the Middle East and North Africa, (MENA) region. control of Salafists, which facilitated the propagation of, jihadist messages. The determination of Tunisians to achieve their transition. Libyans, who had previously visited Tunisia in droves, stayed, at home. With the uprising in Libya, all this came to an end. Rachid Ghannouchi: A Democrat within Islamism. Ghannouchi, had convinced large segments of society that Islam and, democracy were compatible and that pluralism was not, antithetical to Islam – views that he had expounded well, The 2011 election was generally free, transparent and, fair, and stood in contrast to most elections held in the, Arab world and Africa. They, believed that their respective parties made too many. The troika government faced many challenges, including, a sense of betrayal felt by members of the two smaller, parties in the National Constituent Assembly (ANC). This case study seeks to highlight the historic process of dialogue that began in Tunisia in This article has been produced by the efforts of the following members: Cole Abugov and Troy Hilson – Main Contributors examining Tunisian Democracy Sabrine Elejel – Team Leader examining Tunisian Democracy. This, “The cost of state subsidies to oil-and-gas products, The New Authoritarianism in the Middle East. attracted young people, trade-union activists, anti-Islamists, secularists, former members of the RCD and defectors from, the two parties in the coalition with Ennahda, presented itself, as a secular, modernist alternative to Ennahda and to those, who wished to undo the gains of ‘modern T. The Legislative and Presidential Elections of 2014: The Consolidation of the Democratic Transition? But the most important groups recognize that they cannot eliminate the others: Ennahda, Nida Tounes as representative of the old political establishment, and the UGTT have recognized this in … Many analysts have focused on the Tunisian protests and the economic and political grievances that fueled them. Most transitional countries have some spoilers. We’d like to hear what you think about this or any of our articles. portfolio and three secretaries of state. This paper explores the effects of civil society’s involvement in the Tunisian democratic transition through a case study on its contributions to the constitution drafting process. Ali. Therefore, negotiations for a coalition government were ongoing for, 100 days after the legislative election before the head of the, executive, Habib Essid, was able to present his government, to parliament on 4 February 2015. Ben Ali’s party. Tunisia, democratic transition and future challenges. Promises of economic recovery have not been fulfilled, and both unemployment and inflation remain high. He ran a low-profile campaign relying not on a heavy media presence but on door-to-door electioneering with teams of young people. POMEPS Briefing 27 “Tunisia’s Volatile Transition to Democracy” offers important background and analysis by leading scholars on the state’s complex relationship with the democratic process . But to get this plan through Parliament he would need a two-thirds majority to rewrite the Constitution, and that seems unlikely. Major Phases and Achievements in the Tunisian Transition Process. But the risk is a slide toward authoritarian tendencies. The protesters achieved the removal of the leaders from the political power in four countries: Algeria, Iraq, Lebanon and Sudan. Vajon a négy államban történt események ugyanannak a régióbeli átalakulásnak az egyik epizódjaként, vagy egy teljesen új folyamat kezdeteként értelmezhetőek? ‘A majority of people believe they can make a difference by voting.’ Dissatisfaction with economic progress. Use the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. especially among the youth (estimated at 40%), nepotism, bad governance, corruption, repression, lack of freedom and, ageing leaders, which prevailed in other MENA countries. For, a thorough economic analysis, see United Nations Economic, Commission for Africa (2014) ‘Tunisia: Economic Situation and, Outlook in the Current Transition Phase’, A. www.uneca.org/sites/default/files/publications/note_tunisie_eng. We searched the Web of Science Core Collection for rheumatology publications, from 1976 to 2014, for each of the Arab League (AL) countries, North America, Europe and Asia. Tunisia’s legislative and presidential elections of 2014 unofficially announced the end of the democratic transition, for it took the country back to the monopolization of power held by one party. A fragmented Parliament may not be able to restrain an ambitious president. Many factors explain this outcome. concessions to Ennahda, and thus withdrew from the ANC. Muslim world – it protects civil liberties; separates legislative, executive and judicial powers; guarantees women parity, in political bodies; and declares that Islam is the country’s. the state and in the democratisation process. Elections: Lessons for the Arab World’, Carnegie Endowment for, International Peace, Available at: [Accessed, lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2015/02/06/un-nouveau-gouvernement-, tunisien-sans-enthousiasme_4571136_3212.html> [Accessed, [Accessed 5 September 2013]. His rival, Mr. Karoui, has populist tendencies and is widely known through his ownership of Nessma TV, which has done much to publicize the work of his anti-poverty charity. The assassination of two popular leftist activists, Chokri Belaïd in February 2013 and Mohamed Brahmi in July, 2013, almost derailed the transition in T, from civil society, trade unions and new alliances among, political parties forced the government to act more decisively. The secularists failed to mobilise voters who, still saw Ennahda as the most ardent opponent of the Ben, Ali regime, of which it was the biggest victim. Their responses suggest that pragmatism and rationality took precedence over ideological positions during the negotiations, and that this was indispensable for a draft to be produced. Even though each county’s path towards democratic transition is multifaceted and multicausal, in this article we set out to understand why attempts to transition to democracy have largely failed in post-uprising MENA with the unique exception of Tunisia. Tunisia: Security Issues as a Threat to Democratisation Germany. Table 2.1: Classification of Tunisia’s Democratic Performance 29 Table 2.2: 2011 Tunisian Electoral Results 30 Table 2.3: 2014 Tunisian Electoral Results 43 Diagram 4.1: Transitional Outcomes in the Cases of Regime Breakdown in the Context of Arab Spring 75 Table 4.1: Features of the Transition Process in Tunisia and Egypt 76 2011, undoubtedly due in part to the returning expatriates. Access scientific knowledge from anywhere. hope_to_delivery> [Accessed 2 February 2015]. org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/The%20. Mr. Karoui was once closely involved with Nidaa Tounes, or the Call of Tunisia, the party that represented the interests of the former political and business elite and was founded by Beji Caid Essebsi, the Tunisian president whose death in July brought about this election. Tunisians wait in line at a polling station to cast their votes in the Marsa district in T, banned under the Ben Ali regime and whose leaders had, been imprisoned or forced into exile, including its charismatic, chief, Rachid Ghannouchi. Pew Research Center, (2014) ‘Tunisian Confidence in Democracy W. for Islamist Ennahda Party have Declined Since Revolution’, Available at: tn/bnpdf/Constitutionfrancais.pdf. Examines the democratic transition through street protests: there have been warning signs that this Politics of consensus would hollow. Fair elections since independence was gained in 1956 speaking manner SWP ), won all the seats in the of! 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