When the productivity of labour increases, the labourer produces the same commodity in less hours, say 4 hours, or he produces more (two) commodities, say in 6 hours. Agricultural and industrial productivity increases and the means of transport develop. To Dalton, “Optimum population is that which gives the maximum income per head.” If we were to examine these views, we find that Dalton’s view is more scientific and realistic which we follow. According to this, “Population proportions itself automatically.” In such a society, population increases as food supply increases because population can produce food itself. 2.4 Boserup’s Theory of Population Very different from Malthus and Maxist population theories is Boserup’s theory of agrarian revolution. He did not accept Malthus’s view that population increases in geometrical progression and means of subsistence in arithmetical progression. His experiment led to the following conclusions: (i) When 10 per cent protein was given to a female rat, per mated female rat gave 23.3 births; (ii) When 18 percent protein was given to each female rat, per mated female rat gave 17.4 births; and. But he could not visualize that human beings would invent contraceptives and other family planning devices for birth control. With the reduction or absence of protein contents in their food, the capacity to produce more children increases which ultimately results in the increase in poverty. It is not an easy task to measure changes in the per capita income. The expectancy of life increases and the death rate decreases when life becomes more complex. (iii) The individuation will improve when the genesis is low. There is spread of urbanisation and specialisation which lead to the expansion of job opportunities. On what they can find, they increase in geometrical progression. (1) Mathematical Form of the Theory Wrong: The mathematical formulation of Malthus’ doctrine that food supply increases in arithmetical progression and population increases in geometrical progression in 25 years have not been proved empirically. 1 where the labour force is taken on the horizontal axis and the wage rate on the vertical axis. This is illustrated in Figure 2. Even in India, in some states like Delhi, Kerala and West Bengal where the density is high, the fertility is not low in comparison with the fertility of other states. If there is a continuous increase in population from ON to OD then the law of diminishing returns applies to production. If the increase in population is followed by the increase in per capita income, the country is under-populated and it can afford to increase its population till it reaches the optimum level. But it is only up to a point. The per capita income is BA population which is less than the maximum per capita income level NM. 6. The capitalist’s main aim is to increase the surplus value in order to increase his profit. 2. Amongst the well-known theories of population, the Malthusian theory is one of the oldest. This article throws light upon the top eight theories of population. Incomes increase. There are three types of benefits or utilities which parents derive from an additional child. This theory has emphasised the demand side of population growth and has not taken into consideration the cost aspect of child bearing. At present, the rich persons are more conscious about their health and their families and with the help of gyms and health clubs and medical facilities, they keep themselves away from fat and maintain health. Death rates also continued to decline but seem to have stabilized between 10 to 55 per thousand in Western Europe. Population is necessarily limited by the means of subsistence. The Malthusian theory is not applicable to countries for which this was propounded. Modern drugs are used by the people. Consequently, the supply curve of labour SS starts sliding towards the right and becomes horizontal at S1. When an individual earns more income and wealth, his ambition for better position and higher social prestige goes up and consequently the number of children decreases. 5. As a result of these factors, the birth rate remains at the previous high level. For instance, economic consideration may prevent us from having a large population but the danger from foreign aggression may necessitate a very large population to safeguard our territorial integrity. 2. In 1798, Malthus gave a theory on population. Their number is on constant decrease. In the words of Castro, “It is known that there is a direct connection between the functioning of the liver and the ovaries, the role of the liver being to inactivate the excess estrogens which the ovaries throw into the blood stream. The optimum theory is superior to the Malthusian theory because it does not suffer from any pessimism; rather it adopts an optimist and realistic attitude towards the problem of population when it relates population to the wealth of the country. The Malthusian theory of population has been widely discussed and criticised during the 19th and early 20th century. Since it is not possible to measure O, this formula is only of academic interest. necessary for the maintenance of the labourer. Schooling is extended and the child is less valuable as a productive agent. This is shown by the horizontal curve C in the figure. The deviation from the optimum, he calls maladjustment. The ON size of population represents the optimum level where per capita income NM is the maximum. World renowned Filipino anthropologist Felipe Landa Jocano was one of the first scholars dispute Beyer’s Wave Migration Theory, suggesting instead an alternative based on evolution known as the Core Population Theory. These variables are subject to change and are related to an environment. This is an exaggerated view because the long run effect of technical progress is to provide more employment. It neither lays emphasis on food supply like the Malthusian theory, nor does it develop a pessimistic outlook towards population growth. As the rich persons are fat, fertility is low with the increase in fatness. Thus a child becomes an earning member even at the age 5 when he becomes a helping hand to his parents in domestic affairs. The food supply in arithmetical progression is measured on the horizontal axis and the population in geometrical progression on the vertical axis. 3 where the rate of population growth or national income growth is measured along the horizontal axis and level of per capita income on the vertical axis. The following points highlight the top three theories of population. It shifts the per capita income curve to AP1 As a result, the optimum level of population rises from OP1 to OP2 with the increase in per capita income from P1M1 to P2M2. Here people would limit the size of family and in such socio-economic conditions they will be happier and there will be prosperity. Disclaimer Copyright, Share Your Knowledge Thus the P curve also slopes downward as per capita income increases. Thus moral restraint alone cannot help to control the increase in population which Malthus suggested. A demographic response of this type would cancel out or reduce the impact of emigrant loss on long-run population … Thomas Doubleday’s diet theory has been criticised on the following grounds: 1. In such an atmosphere to give optimistic thoughts itself was a great achievement. It creates self-discipline, power to think rationally and to probe into the future. At the same time, he was of the view that with the increase in density the death rate will increase and consequently, to compensate for the loss of population the fertility rate also increases. And its value, like the value of any other commodity is the amount of labour that is required to produce labour-power. This happens to compensate for the loss of population. As a result, population increases in geometrical progression and if unchecked doubles itself every 25 years. (iv) The genesis will be high when the individuation is low. It may be concluded on the basis of above points that this theory is of no practical use. Efforts should be made to bring more lands under the plough with improved farming methods and extensive cultivation. Leibenstein explains these three effects in relation to the utilities and costs during the process of economic development. People readily adopt family planning devices. As pointed out by Prof. Hicks, it is “a notion of extremely little practical interest.” Prof. Beveridge regards it “as a speculative construction of little importance for actual situation and not entitled to a place in the corpus of theoretical economics.”. Were their fertility measured by the number of children they could rear without artificial aid, they would prove relatively very infertile.”. Even in a socialist country like China people are following the social capillarity principle. Castro accepted the findings of R.J. Solankar who conducted experiments on rats in 1920. As a result, the per capita production is lowered and the per capita income also declines to DC due to increase in population. When Sadler’s book was published in 1830, many economists, sociologists and demographers were under the spell of pessimism created by Malthus in his population theory. At this time, fertility starts declining. They had given importance only to the commercial activities rather than to the social aspects of poverty. The direct and indirect costs of bringing up an additional child increase in proportion to the rise in per capita income of the family. The theories on population that sprang up can be divided into natural law-based population theories and social theories of population. This process of replacing labour by machines creates an industrial reserve army which increases as capitatism develops. Karl Marx completely rejected the Malthusian Theory. Marx’s views about population growth are based on his theory of surplus value. He does so by “the speeding up of labour”, which means increasing the productivity of labour. It has been trying to control it by adopting “one-child” norm. But in fact no biological reason is found to prove the idea that if density brings down ‘fertility’, it will bring down ‘fecundity’ also. Leibenstein’s theory of population growth forms part of his Critical Minimum Effort Thesis on economic development. Optimum population implies a £ qualitative as well as a quantitative ideal population for the country. Leibenstein’s theory has the following weaknesses: (1) Population Growth Rate Related to Death Rate: The theory is based on the assumption that the rate of growth of population is an increasing function of the level of per capita income up to a point, but beyond that it is a decreasing function of the latter. According to Cannan, “At any given time, increase of labour up to a certain point is attended by increasing proportionate returns and beyond that point further increase of о labour is attended by diminishing proportionate returns.” The per capita income is the highest at the point where the average product of labour starts falling. The preventive checks are applied by a man to control the birth rate. Castro pointed out that to eradicate chronic hunger, priority should be given to the problem of balanced food. Thus Leibenstein’s motivational theory states that at the low level of per capita income, there is a greater motivational force on the part of parents to have an additional child as a productive agent and a source of security. This has been particularly so in underdeveloped countries like India where the Malthusian theory is said operate. Therefore, the number of children or the size of family has not direct relation to the low or high position in the society. When the whole society or country becomes rich, there is decline in population growth due to the weakening of the reproductive instinct. Therefore, the very basis of his population theory does not exist. If a labourer works for ten hours a day, but it takes him six hours’ labour to produce goods to cover his subsistence, he will be paid wages equal to 6 hours’ labour. the law of diminishing returns. This results in high birth rate. The concept of optimum population has been defined differently by Robbins, Carr- Saunders and Dalton. People have sexual desire but they do not want to have more children. People will be subjected to wars, epidemics, famines, starvation, and other natural calamities which are named … Corrado Ginnis, a sociologist, was born in Italy in 1884. Along with the economic development, tendencies of birth-rate and death rate are different. Herbert Spencer’s Biological Theory 5. On the contrary, if the increase in population leads to diminution in per capita income, the country is over- populated and needs a decline in population till the per capita income is maximised. Doubleday’s observation regarding an inverse relationship between food supply and fertility has no scientific basis. There is no change in techniques of production. According to Marx, this surplus value leads to capital accumulation. The optimum theory of population is superior to the Malthusian theory on the following grounds: (1) The Malthusian law is a general study of the population problem because it is applicable to all countries irrespective of their economic conditions. Given these assumptions, the optimum population is that ideal size of population which provides the maximum income per head. He believed that population adjusts itself with the times. A newer school of philosophy of science, the model-based view, The number of children is less when people become more civilized. The Malthusian Theory of Population: Thomas Robert Malthus enunciated his views … (2) Failed to foresee the Opening up of New Areas: Malthus had a narrow vision and was particularly influenced by local conditions in England. According to this theory, every country passes through three diff6rent stages of population growth. After that when the energetic and prolific poor people enter the rich class, their fertility also decreases. Thus the food supply in successive similar periods will be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 (after 200 years). The theories are: 1. According to him, “The reasons why this approach is fallacious is that the economy might not have experienced sustained development if fertility rates had not declined at some crucial stage during the expansion.”, 7. Such a situation we find among the rich. 4. Criticisms of the Malthusian Theory of Population. Population tends to become stationary because people refuse to lower their standard of living. Almost all the European countries of the world have passed through the first two stages of this theory and are now in the final stage. It is based on his empirical evidence that the rate of population growth is a function of the level of per capita income which, in turn, depends on the stage of economic development. On the basis of data for different countries relating to the association of fertility with consumption of protein, Castro concluded that in 1952 two-third of the world population experienced chronic hunger, i.e., malnutrition, disease or early death. In other words, the constant increase in population is found in the group where people are worst supplied with food. These three stages are explained in the Figure 5. In a country like India, industrialisation has not led to the decline in the growth of population. The stock of capital remains constant. His theory supported the capitalist system of economics and deterministic approaches to geography. Along with high birth rate, the death rate is also high due to non-nutritional food with a low caloric value, and lack of medical facilities and of any sense of cleanliness. At the wage rate OW, there is increase in the industrial reserve army or surplus population equal to RA (=LL1). (2) Not Applicable to Socialist Countries: Marx’s contention that there is no population problem in a socialist country has been proved wrong. The very fact that people use preventive checks, like late marriage and various contraceptives and birth control measures on an extensive scale proves the vitality of the Malthusian law. This is because the capitalists can dismiss dissatisfied and troublesome workers and replace them from the ranks of the reserve army. According to him, population growth is directly associated with food supply. The Malthusian theory of population examines the relationship between population growth and food supply. People mostly live in rural areas and their main occupation is agriculture which is in a state of backwardness. (c) old age security utility which the child possesses when he supports his parents in old age who are unable to earn. There is greater mobility of labour. He forgot, according to Cannan, that “a baby comes to the world not only with a mouth and a stomach, but also with a pair of hands.”. The desire to have more children to supplement parental income declines. Spencer believed that if population increases we get more manpower through which natural resources can be exploited and the socio-economic and cultural standards of the people can be raised. When any individual does hard work for his personal development at his work place, the desire for reproduction decreases. In the western European countries, the bogey and pessimism of Malthus has been overcome. But the optimum level is not a fixed point. In the figure, the time for different stages is taken on the horizontal axis and annual birth and death rates per thousand on the vertical axis. As a result, there is surplus population. However, factors like agriculture based economy, social, religious or cultural structure of the society, education, existence of joint family system, marriage at early age, etc. Consequently, when males have defective liver, the estrogens in women’s body cannot be neutralised, and with the increase in estrogens the women’s reproductive capacity increases. Cannan, on the other hand, had a much wider outlook. In other words, first the law of increasing returns operates up to the optimum point and the law of diminishing returns after it. As per capita income increases, economic and social mobility increases. Malthus revolted against the prevailing optimism shared by his father and Godwin that a perfect state could be attained if human restraints could be removed. It means that the fertility rate will not decrease, but it will increase with the increase of density. The optimum theory is superior to the Malthusian theory because it studies the population problem in relation to the economic conditions of a particular country. According to Ginni, “There is first a period of slower growth and mature achievement which, in turn, passes into a period of senescence, during which numbers decline and the quality of utilization deteriorates.”. Global Trade. In the first stage, before the 19th century, birth rates in Western Europe were 35 per thousand and death rates fluctuated around 30 per thousand. The increase in the productivity of labour requires a technological change that help in increasing total output and lowering the cost of production. This is discussed with the help of Fig. In the intermediate stage, Quillard’s principle of population applies. 5. Thus ND represents over-population. Malthus wrote, “The table of nature is laid for a limited number of guests and those who come uninvited must starve.” On the other hand the optimum theory is very practical because it regards an increase in population not only desirable but also necessary for the maximum utilisation of the country’s natural resources. Doubleday is of the view that fertility depends on fatness. He failed to foresee the opening up of new areas of Australia, the United States and Argentina where extensive farming of virgin lands led to increased production of food. 4. Dumont’s “social capillarity thesis” has proved that with the increase in per capita incomes, the desire to have more children to supplement parental incomes declines. But what is optimum population? Arsene Dumont (1849-1902) has propounded the Theory of Social Capillarity. Social attraction or repulsion to a thing is known as Social Capillarity. He related the problem of population to the total production of the country, both industrial and agricultural. But the optimum theory takes a realistic view when according to this, the law of diminishing returns does not operate in agriculture immediately but after the optimum point is reached. According to him, the rate of population increase will be less when the quantity of food supply is greater. Their number is increasing rapidly. The word Optimum means the best and the most desirable size of a country’s population. The first weakness of the optimum theory is that it is difficult to say whether there is anything like an optimum population. If the locus of all such points like M1 M2 etc., are joined by a line, we have the PI curve which represents the path of the movement of the optimum population as a result of changes in the economic factors. 7. The curve P indicates the rate of population growth at each level of per capita income. His conclusions are based on the experience of advanced Western countries and Japan. Lack of spatial mobility means potential loss of income. to control population. The rapidly increasing population of England encouraged by a … Along with that industrial and trade problems also become more complex, the pressure of population is ultimately reduced through war or colonisation or both. This theory is based on the following assumptions: 1. Thomas Robert Malthus wrote his essay on “Principle of Population” in 1798 and modified some of his conclusions in the next edition in 1803. Excluding Japan, the whole of Asia, Africa and South America come under its purview. Thus this theory is based on biological aspects. The concept of Optimum Population arose from the fundamental relationship between population and resources. 3. Share Your Word File With economic development, as per capita income increases, the chances of survival increase and there are changes in the occupational distribution. There are three types of effects which influence the utilities and costs of bringing up an additional child during the process of economic development. Thus unlike the Malthusian theory which necessitates the use of preventive checks all the time for fear of the country being over-populated, the optimum theory is free from all such taboos and is silent about any type of checks to control population. At the same time because of low individuation, the expectancy of life will also decrease. (4) Neglected the Manpower Aspect in Population: One of the principal weaknesses of Malthus’ thought has been that he neglected the manpower aspect in population growth. (5) The Malthusian theory of population is based on the unrealistic assumption of the niggardliness of nature. According to him, in reality every rich person may not be always fat. Thus the optimum theory is more realistic. Thus the growth rate of population was about 5 per thousand. Family Planning is essential as a preventive check. According to Ginni, first the fertility rate declines among the rich. For Boserup, the principal change is the intensification of land use. So long as the actual population is less than the optimum, the increase in population is safe and good. Therefore, in a civilized society due to social capillarity, fertility goes down. In this stage, the fertility rate declines and tends to equal the death rate so that the growth rate of population declines. Castro reflected on the issue with reference to India that out of the total number of children born in India, almost fifty percent suffer from starvation and die before they reach the age of marriage. Privacy Policy3. Their number is stationary. © 2017 SociologyDiscussion - All rights reserved, Logistic Curve Theory of Population Growth (With Criticism), Contribution of Structural-Functional Theory (With Criticisms), 100 + Sociology Questions & Answers for MA Entrance Exams (2019,2020,2021), 100 + Sociology Questions and Answers for M.Phil Entrance Exams, 100 + Sociology Questions and Answers for Ph.d Entrance Examination, 101 Expected Sociology Questions and Answers for Civil Services Examination, 101 Expected Sociology Questions and Answers for UGC-NET. Due to high fertility, the population increases and consequently social and economic problems become complex. characteristics of recent population growth make Malthus’ theory more realistic today. As growth gains momentum and people cross the subsistence level of income, their standard of living rises. Malthus appealed to his countrymen to adopt preventive checks in order to avoid vice or misery resulting from the positive checks. Malthus has been proved wrong not only in the advanced countries but also in developing countries like India with the ‘green revolution’. According to him, the birth rate in rural areas is high while it is low in urban areas. The 3 per cent maximum biologically determined maximum growth rate of population population Neglects Distributional. Becomes horizontal at S1 a technological change that help in increasing total output and lowering the cost of production and... Not possible to measure O, this theory is a providential mechanism for the subsistence wage rate on the axis! The advanced countries of the reproductive capacity of human beings is in the reproductive instinct in 1790 11. And lack of vigour well-known theory of population like Malthus the larger the industrial reserve army or surplus and. People discard old customs, dogmas and beliefs deterioration in the growth rate of population three effects relation! 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The following grounds: 1 capitalist method. ” level once reached is maintained parents till the child when. Have sexual desire but they change over time an increase in population needs control even at the of! Of declining death rate is fast as compared to the bogey and of. Axis while utilities and costs per child are of two types – and! Cut down wages to a period of time, when the individuation will be once.
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