[11] Participation was 89% of resident citizens and 90% of citizens living abroad. Apply market research to generate audience insights. During the campaign, speeches by candidates were aired on Tunisian radio and television stations. The MDS won 16 seats under the proportional representation system, followed by the PUP with 12 seats. Journalists were often obstructed from reporting on controversial events. However, the Tunisian Revolution in 2011 saw its removal from power. But the ruling party renamed the Rassemblement Constitutionel Démocratique (RCD or Democratic Constitutional Rally), dominated the political scene due to its historic popularity and the advantage it enjoyed as the ruling party. Another important component informing Ennahdha's approach, argues Wolf, is Tunisia's history of producing reformist movements. The RCD won all seats in the Chamber of Deputies in 1989 and won all of the directly elected seats in the 1994, 1999, and 2004 elections. A May 2002 referendum approved constitutional changes proposed by Ben Ali that allowed him to run for a fourth term in 2004 (and a fifth, his final, because of age, in 2009), and provided judicial immunity during and after his presidency. This paper argues that the growth and legalization of Political Islamism in Tunisia will naturally hinder the contemporary influence of violent extremism, leading to partnership and inclusion within a Democratic government. Two thirds are specialized in law. Seven years after the 2011 Revolution and four years after the adoption of the Constitution, women now make up 47 per cent of the local council positions in Tunisia following the May 2018 elections. « Tunisie : la nouvelle Constitution entre en vigueur », "RWB Issues Enemies of the Internet List". ThoughtCo. … The Tunisian legal system is based on French civil law system. It consists of 12 members, rach of whom must have 20 years' experience in order to serve for a single term of nine years. Tunis itself was located near the site of the ancient city-state of Carthage. His 89% of the vote was slightly lower than in the 2004 election. Political Islam in Tunisia uncovers the secret history of Tunisia's main Islamist movement, Ennahda, from its origins in the 1960s to the present. The new president, Ben Ali, slowly navigated the country towards democracy. The Republic of Tunisia is a North African country with a unitary semi-presidential democratic government. The role of Tunisia’s primary Islamist party—Ennahda—within the country’s political scene ebbed and flowed both during and after the 2011 revolution. "A Brief History of Tunisia." The judiciary is independent, although the Supreme Judicial Council is chaired by the President of the Republic. Facebook bigger than newspapers? 59 women were elected to legislative seats. These pragmatic policies have contributed to social and political stability. In the presidential vote, Ben Ali soundly defeated his challengers, Mohamed Bouchiha (PUP), Ahmed Inoubli (UDU) and Ahmed Ibrahim (Ettajdid Movement) for a fifth term in office. [24] politics of Tunisia, most notably found in political history, citizens’ attitudes, and the implementation of a new Constitution. A definitive political history of Tunisia's moderate Islamist 'Renaissance Party' First in-depth account of Ennahda Ennahda is not only one of Tunisia's most influential political actors but also an important source of regional leadership For nearly the entire period between Tunisia’s achievement of independence in 1956 and the Jasmine Revolution, a popular uprising that unseated Pres. The military was given a defined defensive role, which excluded participation in politics. Later in his rule repression became more brutal, corruption more visible and the economy more stagnant.[25]. On 14 January 2011, president Zine El Abidine Ben Ali officially resigned after fleeing to Saudi Arabia, ending 23 years in power,[26][27] following the most dramatic wave of social and political unrest in Tunisia in three decades. At the time of independence, the Neo-Destourian Party (later the Parti Socialiste Destourien, PSD or Socialist Destourian Party) became the sole legal party. Measure ad performance. [6], Tunisia's first democratically elected president Beji Caid Essebsi died in July 2019. Regional governors and local administrators are appointed by the central government. The politics of Tunisia takes place within the framework of a unitary semi-presidential representative democratic republic,[1] with a President serving as head of state, Prime Minister as head of government, a unicameral legislature and a court system influenced by French civil law. After him Kais Saied became Tunisia's president after a landslide victory in the 2019 Tunisian presidential elections in October 2019. Tunisia as a French Protectorate: 1881-1934: French control over Tunisia, achieved in 1881, brings to an end several decades of diplomatic jockeying between three colonials powers, France, Britain and Italy. The number of new political parties and associations has increased since the beginning of Ben Ali's presidency in 1987. President Habib Ali Bourguiba, who had been the leader of the independence movement, declared Tunisia a republic in 1957, ending the nominal rule of the Ottoman Beys. [8], The upper house was the Chamber of Advisors, which had 112 members, including representatives of governorates (provinces), professional organizations and national figures. Over the years, President Bourguiba stood unopposed for re-election several times and was named "President for Life" in 1974 by a constitutional amendment. Banned until the popular uprisings of 2010-11 and the overthrow of Ben Ali’s dictatorship, Ennahda has until now been impossible to investigate. Tunisia has been home to reformist politics since the nineteenth century, and Tunisians regard this legacy as a unique trait of theirs. 1881 - French troops occupy Tunis. [14] Meanwhile, a delegation from the African Union Commission praised the election for taking place with "calm and serenity"[15] Prior to the 2009 election, Tunisia amended its constitution to allow more candidates to run for president, allowing the top official from each political party to compete for the presidency regardless of whether they held seats in parliament. Tunisia became a republic in 1957, with Habib Bourguiba as the first president and the country’s major reformist. The Economist's 2008 Democracy Index ranked Tunisia 141 out of 167 countries studied and 143 out of 173 regarding freedom of the press. The Romans ruled and settled in North Africa until the 5th century, when the Roman Empire fell and Tunisia was invaded by European tribes, including the Vandals. Starting from independence, President Bourguiba placed a strong emphasis on economic and social development, especially education, the status of women, and the creation of jobs, policies that continued under Zine El Abidine Ben Ali's administration. In Tunisia, the President is directly elected for a five-year term. Boddy-Evans, Alistair. However, constitutional amendments provided for the distribution of additional seats to the opposition parties by 1999 and 2004. Tunisia’s two pre-revolutionary presidents, Habib Bourguiba and Ben Ali, also tried to use the country’s history of constitutionalism to legitimize their power. Tunisia’s 2019 presidential and parliamentary elections will be major milestones in the country’s path toward becoming a consolidated The dramatic increase in women members is the result of a 2016 electoral law that includes the principles of parity and alternation between men and women on candidate lists for all elections. The President nominates the candidate of the party that gained the most votes in legislative elections to form a government within a month. PLO and other Arab states and supported by the Soviet Union and sympathetic Third World nations. Create a personalised content profile. Use precise geolocation data. Mayors and municipal councils are directly elected. Some 74 Tunisians and 21 French government police were killed as a result of political … The Jasmine Revolution overthrew President Ben Ali in 2011—marking the beginning of the Arab Spring. [17], Parliamentary elections were held in Tunisia on 26 October 2014. Geography of Tunisia, Africa's Northernmost Country, A Brief History of the African Country of Liberia. However, in 2011 a national uprising led to the ousting of the President and the dismantling of the RCD, paving the way for a multi-party democracy. About 15% of the members of the Chamber of Advisors were women.[9]. The number of new political parties and associations has increased since the beginning of Ben Ali's presidency in 1987. Between 1956 and 2011, Tunisia operated as a de facto one-party state, with politics dominated by the secular Constitutional Democratic Rally (RCD) under former Presidents Habib Bourguiba and then Zine el Abidine Ben Ali. To cite this article: Katerina Dalacoura (2018): Political Islam in Tunisia: the history of Ennahda, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, DOI: 10.1080/13530194.2018.1507433 In 2010 Reporters Without Borders included Tunisia in the country list of “Enemies of the Internet". In June 1959, Tunisia adopted a constitution modeled on the French system, which established the basic outline of the highly centralized presidential system that continues today. Political Islam in Tunisia uncovers the secret history of Tunisia's main Islamist movement, Ennahda, from its origins in the 1960s to the present. [19], Tunisia is the only country in the Arab world where polygamy is forbidden by law. Before the 2011 revolution the parliament was bicameral. Despite the ousting of longtime president Zine El Abidine Ben Ali in January 2011, the country has never recovered economically. Select personalised content. This article was adapted from U.S. Department of State Background Notes (public domain material). From Arab Center to French Protectorate. 1600s - Tunisia becomes part of the Turkish Ottoman empire, but has a high degree of autonomy. [20][21], President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali was criticized for the low levels of democracy and freedom of expression in the country by Amnesty International and various other organizations. More than 27% of the members of the Chamber of Deputies were women. Shortly before the revolution of 2011 there were eight recognized national parties, six of which held national legislative seats. Independence from France was achieved on March 20, 1956. Boddy-Evans, Alistair. Khaled Kaddour who was sacked along with other senior officials did not respond to the allegation at the time the sack was carried out. Banned until the popular uprisings of 2010-11 and the overthrow of Ben Ali’s dictatorship, Ennahda has until now been impossible to investigate. When President Ben Ali came to power in 1987, he promised greater democratic openness and respect for human rights, signing a "national pact" with opposition parties. Political Islam in Tunisia uncovers the secret history of Tunisia’s main Islamist movement, Ennahda, from its origins in the 1960s to the present. More than one-fifth of the seats in both chambers of parliament were held by women, an exceptionally high level in the Arab world. Measure content performance. (2021, February 16). Tunisia became a center of Arab culture … Members were elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms. President Ben Ali's party, known as the Constitutional Democratic Rally (RCD), commanded majorities in local, regional, and national elections. Which Asian Nations Were Never Colonized by Europe? Tunisia was deeply impacted by the Jasmin Revolution of 2011. It will argue that Tunisia maintains democracy but not in the traditional Western understanding of institutional democracy. Tunisia is a participant in the following international organizations: harvp error: no target: CITEREFConstitution2014 (, Assembly of the Representatives of the People, Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, 2011, 2010–2011 protests and the vacation of the Presidency by President Ben Ali, "Semi-presidential government in Tunisia and Egypt", "Secularist Nidaa Tounes party wins Tunisia election", https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50032460, "Final Results for the 2009 Legislative Elections", "Tunisia: Elections in an Atmosphere of Repression", "AU: October 25th Tunisian Elections Held in Calm and Serenity", "Final Results of Tunisian Elections Announced", "Secular party takes lead in Tunisia elections", "Tunisia: Majlis Al-Nuwab (Chamber of Deputies)-October 2009", "World Media Comment on President Ben Ali's Speech", "Tunisia: Open Letter, Strong Concern...", "The Economist Intelligence Unit's Index of Democracy 2008", "Tunisia: President Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali forced out", "Uprising in Tunisia: People Power topples Ben Ali regime", "Tunisia's Protest Wave: Where It Comes From and What It Means for Ben Ali | The Middle East Channel", "Tunisian president vows to punish rioters after worst unrest in a decade", Tunisian parliamentary speaker becomes acting president: officials, "Tunisia riots: Reform or be overthrown, US tells Arab states amid fresh riots", Tunisia suicide protester Mohammed Bouazizi dies, "Slap to a Man's Pride Set Off Tumult in Tunisia", "How a Single Match Can Ignite a Revolution". Shortly before the revolution of 2011 there were eight recognized national parties, six of which held national legislative seats. [18], The now-defunct Chamber of Deputies had 23% women members in 2009, outpacing the percentage of women serving at the time in the U.S. Congress, which stood at 17% in the 111th Congress. All three are officially involved in the region from 1869. The President of the Republic, the President of the Assembly of the Representatives of the People and the Supreme Judicial Council each propose four candidates; the Assembly of the Representatives of the People approves nominations with a three-fifths majority. Street protests and civil disobedience[30][31] against high unemployment, food inflation, corruption,[32][33] a lack of political freedoms like freedom of speech[34] and poor living conditions, were sparked by the self-immolation of Mohamed Bouazizi on 17 December 2010[35][36][37], A Constituent Assembly was elected on 23 October 2011, and a new constitution was adopted on 26 January 2014. Progress toward full democracy has been slow. The Constitution of 2014 provides for a newly-constituted Constitutional Court. France controls economic and foreign affairs; Tunisia is … "A Brief History of Tunisia." The Muslim conquest in the 7th century transformed Tunisia and the make-up of its population, with subsequent waves of migration from around the Arab and Ottoman world, including significant numbers of Spanish Muslims and Jews at the end of the 15th century. The nominee must submit his program to the Assembly of the Representatives of the People and get the trust of the majority of its members before being appointed Prime Minister. The military is neutral and does not play any role in national politics. Instead, it combines elements of … https://www.thoughtco.com/brief-history-of-tunisia-44600 (accessed May 11, 2021). The political achievements of Tunisia have been hailed; the transformation began in 1987 with the bloodless coup that freed the country from President Habib Bourguiba’s dictatorship after 31 years. The result was strong social progress and generally steady economic growth. [3] Tunisia's favorable relations with the United States and the European Union were earned following years of successful economic cooperation in the private sector and infrastructure modernization. More easily controlled from within than any other Maghrib country, Tunisia was also more open to the influence of people and ideas from abroad. It was a French protectorate from 1881 until independence in 1956 and retains close political, economic, and cultural ties with France. [16], Following the 2010–2011 protests and the vacation of the Presidency by President Ben Ali, elections for a Constituent Assembly were held on 23 October 2011. [40] However, Despite this, Tunisia hosted the second half of the United Nations-sponsored World Summit on the Information Society in 2005,[41] which endorsed the freedom of the internet as a platform for political participation and human rights protection. At least 25% of the seats in the House of Deputies were reserved for the opposition. Ben Ali ran for re-election unopposed in 1989 and 1994. The State was established as a constitutional monarchy with the Bey of Tunis, Muhammad VIII al-Amin Bey, as the king of Tunisia. Political Islam in Tunisia: The History of Ennahda is a valuable asset to anyone studying political Islam, North Africa and Islamist movements in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). He oversaw constitutional and legal changes, including abolishing the concept of President for life, the establishment of presidential term limits, and provision for greater opposition party participation in political life. Since 1987 Tunisia has reformed its political system several times, abolishing life-term presidencies and opening up the parliament to opposition parties. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/brief-history-of-tunisia-44600. Political Islam in Tunisia: The History of Ennahda by Anne Wolf (review) Alexander P Martin. [2], Tunisia is a member of the Arab League, the African Union and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation. This is part of a provision in the country’s Code of Personal Status which was introduced by President Bourguiba in 1956. Banned until the popular uprisings of 2010-11 and the overthrow of Ben Ali's dictatorship, Ennahda has until now been impossible to investigate. October 2014 saw the first democratic parliamentary elections since the 2011 revolution, resulting in a win by the secularist Nidaa Tounes party with 85 seats in the 217-member assembly. Actively scan device characteristics for identification. [28][29] List of Partners (vendors). ThoughtCo, Feb. 16, 2021, thoughtco.com/brief-history-of-tunisia-44600. Select personalised ads. President Ben Ali's party, known as the Constitutional Democratic Rally (RCD), commanded majorities in local, regional… It was passed on 10 February 2014[38], Under the Ben Ali regime, freedom of the press was officially guaranteed, but the press was highly restricted, as was a substantial amount of web content. The demonstrations were caused by high unemployment, food inflation, corruption, a lack of political freedoms and poor living conditions. The referendum also created a second parliamentary chamber and provided for other changes. In this ambitious study, Anne Wolf shows the fluctuations of the al-Nahda movement, which has played a significant political and socio-cultural role in Tunisia and in the regional leadership of the Middle East. The lower house was the Chamber of Deputies of Tunisia (Majlis al-Nuwaab), which had 214 seats. Create a personalised ads profile. [22][23] which documented restrictions of basic human rights and obstruction of human rights organizations. A willingness to compromise rescued Tunisia from the unrest and violence seen in other Arab Spring countries like Egypt and Libya. Results were announced on 25 October 2011 with the center-right and moderately Islamist Ennahda winning a plurality with 37% of the vote. Carthage became a major sea power, clashing with Rome for control of the Mediterranean until it was defeated and captured by the Romans in 146 B.C. The first elections for the Assembly of the Representative of the People occurred on 26 October 2014. Tunisia is a representative democracy with an executive president, a legislature and judiciary. Of these, 41 were appointed by the Head of State while 71 were elected by their peers. Select basic ads. So what? Banned until the popular uprisings of 2010-11 and the overthrow of Ben Ali's dictatorship, Ennahda has until now been impossible to investigate. [12] In the parliamentary elections, the RCD received 84% of the vote for 161 constituency seats. A Brief History of Tunisia. He swore to eradicate poverty, and separate politics … By 2010, Tunisia had more than 3.5 million regular internet users and 1.6 million Facebook users[42] and hundreds of internet cafes, known as ‘publinet.’, Five private radio stations have been established, including Mosaique FM, Express FM, Shems FM [43] and private television stations such as Hannibal TV and Nessma TV.[44]. Tunisia - Politics. In the multiparty era, he won 99.44% of the vote in 1999 and 94.49% of the vote in 2004. In both elections, he faced weak opponents. A single major city, Tunis, dominated the countryside both politically and culturally. Several factors progressively politicized the Islamist movement in Tunisia: accessibility and influence of Muslim Brotherhood literature from the late 1960s, particularly among youth; the influence of the Iranian revolution, which gave hope to devout Muslims ‘to fight for political expression’; lively student bodies at politicized university campuses that contained both Islamists and far-left activists (pp. Tunisia became a center of Arab culture and learning and was assimilated into the Turkish Ottoman Empire in the 16th century. 1881 - French troops occupy Tunis. Boddy-Evans, Alistair. The Tunisian national elections of 2009, overseen by the Interior Ministry and held on October 25, 2009, elected candidates for president and legislative offices. All Tunisian lawyers are members of the Order, which does not have any political affiliations. Nevertheless in 909 a strict sect called the Ismailis led a rebellion and ousted the Aghlabids. They should not be seen as primarily Syrian initiatives. He had reputation of not being corruptible.[7]. It maintains close relations with the United States, France and the European Union, with which it entered an Association Agreement in 1995. Tunisia's legislative branch consists of the Assembly of the Representatives of the People, with 217 seats. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Tunisia&oldid=1019994601, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 26 April 2021, at 15:55. Some judicial review of legislative acts takes place in the Supreme Court in joint session. France controls economic and foreign affairs; Tunisia is a French protectorate from 1883. Political Islam in Tunisia uncovers the secret history of Tunisia’s main Islamist movement, Ennahda, from its origins in the 1960s to the present. Tunisia is a country that has a bad history with corruption cases and why the last autocratic government was chased out of office to allow a democratic rule to charge of governance in the country. Before the 2011 Jasmine revolution, the political system in Tunisia bordered on dictatorship especially during the reign of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali. [39] Prior to the Jasmine Revolution, Tunisia practiced internet censorship against popular websites such as YouTube. Tunisia's independence from France in 1956 ended the protectorate established in 1881. In one instance, the Ettajdid party's weekly publication, Ettarik al-Jadid, was seized by authorities for violating campaign communications laws. Store and/or access information on a device. Recorded history in Tunisia begins with the arrival of Phoenicians, who founded Carthage and other North African settlements in the 8th century B.C. Also, the role of Syrian domestic politics and internal government struggles get short shrift. Since 1987 Tunisia has reformed its political system several times, abolishing life-term presidencies and opening up the parliament to opposition parties. The Constitutional Court appoints its own President and Vice President, both specialized in law.[10]. Tunisia is considered the only democracy in the Arab world. Results were announced on 27 October 2014 with secularist Nidaa Tounes winning a plurality with 38% of the vote. Opposition parties were banned until 1981. [13], The election was criticized by opposition parties and some international observers for limitations placed on non-incumbents. S major reformist winning a plurality with 37 % of resident citizens and 90 % of the ancient of. 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