Pipeline quality gas is not a pure compound but instead is a mixture of different hydrocarbon compounds along with inert gases, diluent gases, and other trace constituents Conventional Pipeline Gas is 90% - 98% methane (CH4)* ─Trace constituents are … This will be refundable upon Best Budget Natural Gas Grill – Weber Spirit E-310 Natural Gas Grill. Depending on the application, this may be sufficient. Natural gas analysis typically requires the detection of specific components or groups: The first two groups determine Btu content, plus factors such as dew points for heavier hydrocarbons. Purge air and shelters are no longer necessary, even in the outdoor plant environments where these analysers are typically deployed. In addition to elemental sulfur, forms found in natural gas include, but are not limited to: Gas is usually considered sour if hydrogen sulfide (H2S) content is above 5.7 mg/m3. Proper disposal of used tape incurs additional operating costs, and failure to do so can lead to a violation and a fine. Gas quality Natural gas is made up of a mixture of hydrocarbon gases that can vary widely between sources. The main components of a basic GC include a sample valve which mixes the sample with carrier gas, the actual separation column, and the thermal conductivity detector. Register for free » Burning natural gas does produce nitrogen oxides (NOx), which are precursors to smog, but at lower levels than gasoline and diesel used for motor vehicles. If heavy hydrocarbons condense into liquids, these require more energy to push through the pipe and increase the frequency of pipe cleaning. Quantifying sulfur in its various forms is a different matter. Basic natural gas analysis can be covered by a C6+ analyser, such as Emerson's Rosemount. PG&E makes no claim or representation that the data provided is accurate. 5. Heavy components can also form hydrates able to damage equipment and clog pipes. Propane grills utilize portable tanks of fuel that are manually filled, while natural gas grills burn fuel that is delivered via a hard-plumbed gas line. While there is some variation, most include specification ranges for: Variability can create a variety of problems for large-scale users, particularly for use as a fuel for gas turbines or sophisticated fired heaters, where the Btu rating (calorific value) is critical. Each presentation will be led by an industry expert and will focus on a range of topics around Honeywell Forge's products and services: Copyright © 2021 Palladian Publications Ltd. All rights reserved | Tel: +44 (0)1252 718 999 | One of the fastest growing renewable sources is biogas (sometimes called biomethane), a purified form of digester gas generated by the decomposition of organic waste in a sealed digester. Gas can come from a variety of domestic fields (Figure 1), from other countries via pipeline or LNG tanker, and from alternative sources such as biomethane. New miniaturised micro-FPD (μFPD) versions are suitable for integration into a field-mountable and explosion-proof transmitter-style analyser, where the μFPD performs as one more stage added to a multi-purpose GC, significantly reducing cost and footprint, plus eliminating the need for running purge lines. Propane fuel is known as a clean-burning fuel. Natural-gas processing begins at the well head. Naturally, sulfur content affects the value of natural gas since it must be removed, treated, or its effects mitigated – each of which adds cost for a user or pipeline company. In October 2007, FERC posted on its website a report by the U.S. Department of Energy's National Energy Technology Laboratory regarding LNG Interchangeability and Gas Quality. ISO 13686 ISO 13686 –International Organisation for Standardisation 1998 “Natural Gas - Quality Designation.” Online Sapphire Gas Solutions enters renewable natural gas market, Improved solutions for natural gas quality analysis, Digitising Inspection Rounds in Refining Operations. Written by Asad Tahir, Emerson, USA. Some designs available today are explosion-proof and ATEX/IECEX safety rated – meaning that they are field installable without an enclosure – even in Class 1, Division 1 areas, eliminating the need for costly air-purged enclosures in any environment. This type of gas can be collected from many possible sources, including vegetation and animal waste. Natural-gas processing is a range of industrial processes designed to purify raw natural gas by removing impurities, contaminants and higher molecular mass hydrocarbons to produce what is known as pipeline quality dry natural gas.. Gas producers, pipeline companies, and end users are taking advantage by getting the measurements they need without the complications, expense, and maintenance requirements of older technologies and solutions. Published by These types of GCs use a packed column (Figure 3), combined with a thermal conductivity detector (TCD) for the actual quantification. Injection of renewable natural gas into gas networks, a growing market. While such comprehensive measurements would have called for multiple analysers a few years ago, these variables are now on the list of the values measured by Emerson’s Rosemount 700XA GC, an explosion-proof analyser equipped with a μFPD (Figure 6) and designed for in-situ or close-to-tap field mounting. Sapphire Gas Solutions has been awarded the transportation and logistics contracts for seven farm based renewable natural gas operations in central California, US. Natural gas grills are far … Natural gas (also called fossil gas; sometimes just gas) is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane, but commonly including varying amounts of other higher alkanes, and sometimes a small percentage of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, or helium. Natural gas suppliers and pipeline companies have many choices when looking for sources of supply. Pipeline quality natural gas means, for the purpose of calculating emissions under this article, natural gas having a high heat value greater than 970 Btu/scf and equal to or less than 1,100 Btu/scf, and which is at least ninety percent methane by volume, and which is less than five percent carbon dioxide by volume. In this case, Natural Gas temperature must necessarily be greater than -10°C and at least 5°C higher than the WDP temperature of Natural Gas under operating pressure. Gas” and “Renewable Natural Gas”? Natural Gas Messaging Research Presentation, Statistical Resources for Financial Analysts, Natural Gas Sustainability Initiative (NGSI), International Members and International Affiliates, Technical Writer, Operations & Engineering. They can also quantify carbon dioxide and water vapour in the gas stream, but that is all. Following this thinking, if the application calls for the measurement of a long list of variables – including total sulfur, hydrogen sulfide, Btu content, carbonyl sulfide, mercaptans, and others – it may be necessary to have several analysers, each using different technologies. Get started absolutely FREE in 2 minutes, no credit card required. Some locations burn minimally processed digester gas on-site, while others upgrade it into higher-value biogas for sale via the pipeline grid. This equipment must be available at any point where gas could be added to the pipeline system. 4A, Natural Gas Contract Measurement and Quality Clauses, and AGA Research Bulletin No. Yet there is currently no generally accepted definition of natural gas quality. new LNG terminals, unconventional gas sources and decentralized green fuel injections (hydrogen, substitute natural gas). With everything included, a C9+ GC with a μFPD can measure a comprehensive list of components (Table 3 and Figure 7). The common element is compositional variability, often reaching the limits of what is considered commercial natural gas. These signals are amplified and processed in the electronic compartment or controller. TSP: 784158214. For example, in its ‘Biogas Interconnect Facility Requirements’ document, TransCanada Corp. tells producers: “The Biogas delivered into TransCanada pipelines must meet the gas quality standards specified in the Tariff for each TransCanada pipeline. Raw natural gas streams must be treated to comply with emissions, regulations, and pipeline gas specifications. The complexity of the entire natural gas distribution chain calls for quality evaluations at many points. shutoff valve that Quality Natural Gas, LLC must furnish and install. These reference gases are the replacement for the prior standards maintained by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology.The natural gas standards are intended to serve as the primary carbon and hydrogen stable isotope reference materials This is a solution, but it is very costly, and it requires many consumables and excessive maintenance, along with extensive personnel training to create internal experts. Infographic: What's in My Natural Gas Bill? The existing flexibility used by interstate pipelines to meet operational safety and integrity and end-use gas quality needs must remain as part of the industry-wide infrastructure to supply merchantable natural gas to customers.AGA has formed two ad hoc task groups with industry-wide participation to revise AGA Report No. Source: Xebec. The yellow sulfur piles outside gas processing facilities account for about 15% of total sulfur production, which mitigates removal costs. The natural gas quality characteristics associated with this new supply mix are and will be different from traditional domestic supply sources and will impact economic and operational practices on the interstate natural gas grid and may permanently alter business methodologies and regulatory tariffs. The revised AGA 4A is expected to be issued sometime during the 3rd quarter of this year. The ability to capture the data necessary to build a complete picture of natural gas characteristics is far easier than ever before. This type of analysis is usually performed with gas chromatographs (GCs). In addition, they cannot speciate and quantify all mercaptans and sulfur compounds. Each presentation will be led by an industry expert and will focus on a range of topics around Honeywell Forge's products and services. Work on Bulletin 36 continues as the task group awaits receiving data from several appliance testing programs currently underway. This is a long-standing technology and can be accurate with high sensitivity, but most only measure hydrogen sulfide, although some also measure carbon dioxide. They also rely on consumables that add maintenance and operating cost and reduce the availability of the analyser. Figure 4. Gas Quality by ID. Please sign in or register for free. The specifications ensure gas quality to provide a clean and safe fuel gas to consumers. Figure 7. The pipeline network has about 3 million miles of mainline and other pipelines that link natural gas production areas and storage facilities with consumers. Moreover, it has not yet been discussed how any of these technologies can differentiate various sulfur compounds. Figure 6. Huffaker R. W. 1995 –“Results of Gas Integration Project Gas Quality Task Force” – Natural Gas Quality & Energy Measurement Practices and Applications, February 5-7, 1996, Clearwater Florida, IGT. FPDs provide a linear response over typical ranges of 0.2 to 10 ppm. Contaminants – sulfur, hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans. Recent analysers using this μFPD technology are highly sensitive to compositional changes and can typically measure hydrogen sulfide with repeatability less than 0.1 ppm (Figure 5) at limit alarm points. 4. Quality and interchangeability issues are being addressed in individual pipeline and LNG proceedings before the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). How we determine gas quality Natural gas is made up of several component gases and is therefore subject to natural variation. Email: enquiries@hydrocarbonengineering.com, Figure 2. Standardization of the designation of quality is specifically stated in the scope of ISO/TC 193. Usually a FPD stage is used in combination with a GC – where the column separates the individual sulfur compound species – which are then detected, identified, and measured using the FPD. Many sulfur compounds are also toxic. Natural gas, supplying 20 % of the world's primary energy, is likely to increase its market share greatly. Gas Quality by ID information for the current gas day is updated for all location ID's after 11:00 a.m. TSP Name: Northern Natural Gas Company. A basic GC using only a TCD can detect sulfur, but only where there are relatively high levels, and it cannot differentiate specific compounds. Today’s analysers are not the complex, fragile, bulky, and expensive devices of yesteryear. If the pipeline switches from a conventional gas field supply to a mix from various shale sites, or from gas processed by a less effective removal facility, there can be significant fluctuations, while still remaining within the bounds of what is considered to be commercial natural gas. By using natural gas, you can help reduce the levels of greenhouse gases in the air. At a minimum, the following equipment (more specifically defined in the TransCanada specifications and standards) is required at all interconnections with biogas facilities: Additional equipment may be required as necessary to ensure that the biogas delivered meets the gas quality standards of the TransCanada pipeline. Natural Gas Testing. Consequently, it remains critical for those in the delivery chain to monitor overall gas composition and sulfur content in its entirety continuously, since it can vary greatly with changes in gas sources. Basic natural gas analysis can be covered by a C6+ analyser, such as Emerson's RosemountTM 370XA Gas Chromatograph. Purification is necessary because the gas from these processes contains a mix of products, including carbon dioxide (CO2), ammonia (NH3), and hydrogen sulfide. Gas must be of merchantable quality, and commercially free from all water, sand and other objectionable fluids, bacteria, solids and gases. TSP: 8001703: Provisions Sheet No. Natural gas withdrawn from natural gas or crude oil wells is called wet natural gas because, along with methane, it usually contains NGL—ethane, propane, butanes, and pentanes—and water vapor. For full functionality of this site it is necessary to enable JavaScript. Combustible gases – methane, hydrogen, plus heavier hydrocarbons up to C9+. Gas quality issues are becoming more prominent due to the diversification of supplies, e.g. The complexity of the entire natural gas distribution chain calls for quality evaluations at many points. Disclaimer: The data on these pages is a representative sample of gas quality information only. 36, Interchangeability of Other Fuel Gases with Natural Gases. Natural gas processing consists of separating all of the various hydrocarbons and fluids from the pure natural gas, to produce what is known as ‘pipeline quality’ dry natural gas. Fortunately, there is one analyser technology that delivers exactly the capabilities needed. For users needing to quantify additional components, including heavier hydrocarbons for critical dew points, a C9+ GC uses a double column/detector set in a two-stage configuration. The goal is to achieve the quality of natural gas. Senior Editor Tables 1 and 2 provide a comparison of the technologies discussed, their applications and measuring ranges. Read the article online at: https://www.hydrocarbonengineering.com/special-reports/04022021/improved-solutions-for-natural-gas-quality-analysis/, Hydrocarbon Engineering will be hosting a series of exclusive webinar presentations from Honeywell. Natural gas testing includes the analysis of conventional and shale gas, LNG, and other hydrocarbon condensates and components. However, in most situations where sulfur is a concern, the measurement will likely call for higher resolution than can be provided by a TCD-based GC. Its enclosure permits field mounting in most areas classified as hazardous. ISO 15403:2000 Natural gas -- Designation of the quality of natural gas for use as a compressed fuel for vehicles . They require elaborate, air-purged enclosures that add significant capital and operating costs tied to installation, utilities, heat tracing, long sample lines, climate control, and HVAC, especially in hot climates since air-bath ovens generate a lot of latent heat, driving up total cost of ownership. AGA Contacts: Michaela Burroughs, (202) 824-731, mburroughs@aga.org; Ken Buys, (202) 824-7315, kbuys@aga.org; Ted Williams, (202) 824-7313, twilliams@aga.org, Location American Gas Association 400 North Capitol Street, NW Suite 450 Washington, DC 20001, Representing energy companies that deliver natural gas, Copyright © 2021 American Gas Association, 2018 NFGC/IFGC Cross Reference and Comparison Tables, National Fuel Gas Code - Plastic Vent Materials, Natural Gas: Critical Energy for American Communities, AGA Submits Comments on PHMSA’s Proposed Farm Tap FAQs, PHMSA Responds to AGA's Petition on the Transmission Rule, AGA Submits Comments on Massachusetts Straw Proposal for Requiring PE Design Approvals, PHMSA Responds to AGA’s Petitions on the Plastic Pipe Regulation, AGA Submits Comments on PHMSA's Proposed Rulemaking for the Installation of Automatic Shut-off and Remote Controlled Valves (ASV/RCVS), AGA Submits Comments on the Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA) ANPRM AND NPRM, AGA Submits Response to PHMSA's Proposed Revisions to the NPMS Program, AGA Submits Comments to PHMSA's Notice of Review Guidance, Petition to Reconsider Plastic Pipe Rulemaking, AGA Submits Comments on Reassessment Interval Extension, AGA Submits Petition to Modify Collection of User Fees, AGA Submits Comments on the Risk Modeling Report, Operator Qualification (OQ), Cost Recovery, Accident and Incident Notification, and Other Pipeline Safety Changes, Pipeline Safety: Safety of Gas Transmission Pipelines, MAOP Reconfirmation, Expansion of Assessment Requirements and Other Related Amendments, Natural Gas Utility Process Safety Management Clearinghouse, National Association of State Fire Marshals (NASFM) Materials on CSST, Plastic Pipe Database Collection Initiative, Field Worker Assault Prevention Initiative Resources, Being in the Right Place at the Wrong Time Forums, Pipeline Construction Inspection Practices, Natural Gas Workers and Natural Gas Fires, Communication During Emergency Situations, 2020 Best Practices Kick Off Meeting, January 21 - 23, 2020, Phoenix, AZ, 2020 Best Practices Virtual Follow Up Meeting, June 2 - 4, 2020, 2020 Virtual Best Practices Emergency Response and Preparedness Roundtable Presentations, 2020 Virtual Best Practices Main and Service New & Replacement Roundtable Presentations, 2020 Virtual Best Practices System Regulation and Over-Pressure Protection Roundtable Presentations, Best Practices Distribution Integrity Management Program (DIMP) Roundtable, November 5 - 7, 2019, New Orleans, LA, Best Practices Operations Qualifications &Technical Training Roundtable, October 22 - 24, 2019, Sherwood, OR, Best Practices Collection & Maintenance Of As-Builts Roundtable, September 10 - 12, 2019, Charlotte, NC, Gas Utility Operations Best Practices Vehicular Safety, Operation and Driving Roundtable, October 24-26, 2017, Tulsa, OK, Gas Utility Operations Best Practices Damage Prevention, Locating and Cross Bores Roundtable, September 12-14, 2017, Chicago, IL, Gas Utility Operations Best Practices Leak Survey & Leak Management Roundtable, August 29-31, 2017, Newark, NJ, Gas Utility Operations Best Practices Follow-Up Meeting, June 13-15, 2017, Boston, MA, Communications, Marketing, Community and Consumer Affairs, COVID-19: Simplifying The Facts About Tests, Prevention, & Mitigation, CFTC and other Financial Regulators Filings, De Minimis Exception to the Swap Dealer Definition, AGA's Gas ESG Metrics Are Now Available for Member Company Voluntary Use, NPC North American Natural Gas Resource study, Safety During a Hurricane: What You Need to Know, Basking In The Comfort Of Natural Gas Hearth Products, Cooking With Natural Gas: Precise Control In A Stylish Package. Gas quality specifications should be designed to ensure that gas tendered to, and delivered by, the interstate pipelines is safe and reliable, and meets the requirements of end-use applications. Photons from the blue emission are then filtered and passed through a photomultiplier tube. Ballast gases – nitrogen, carbon dioxide, water vapour. Pipeline operators must pay particular attention to composition due to operational and equipment durability concerns. The AGA FERC Regulatory Committee and the Bulletin 36 Ad Hoc Committee are working together to raise these concerns with the appropriate staff at FERC. Intertek laboratories provide natural gas quality and component analysis. Figure 3. Their measurement performance is also susceptible to cross-interference from hydrocarbons which can lead to misreading. The working principle employed is that sulfur produces a unique blue flame in the presence of burning hydrogen and air (Figure 4). Table 12.3 gives some examples of the composition of natural gas produced in three different locations, to give an example that methane content of natural gas can be as low as 65%. A reconnection fee of $40.00 shall be paid before service is restored following disconnection of service for non-payment of bills. Sulfur Oxides - Emissions of SO2 from natural gas-fired boilers are low because pipeline quality natural gas typically has sulfur levels of 2,000 grains per million cubic feet. Given this capability, why are these not more common? instructions how to enable JavaScript in your web browser. Sulfur is a problem because it is corrosive, shortening the life of processing equipment, and burning it creates sulfur dioxide (SO2), a heavily-regulated pollutant. Many regulatory bodies call for measurements below 3 ppm, which is outside the practical range of a GC that is equipped with only a TCD. General Terms And Conditions : TSP Name: EL PASO NATURAL GAS CO. L.L.C. Nonetheless, these cleaning methods are not totally effective and can leave 2 – 5% of the original content in the gas. The figure above only presents only two upgrading processes. If the producer wants to deliver processed biogas to a pipeline operator, it must ensure the composition meets minimum requirements. Arguably, the most complete analysis of sulfur and its compounds, outside of a laboratory environment, is available with a gas chromatographic flame photometric detector (FPD). The chemical composition of digester gas varies according to the process and feedstock, so the distribution of other components also varies. Figure 2. Depending on the extent of the analysis required, facilities using traditional methods often end up using multiple analysers. As the gas burns, the light tube collects photons which are converted into an electrical signal. If hydrogen sulfide is the greatest concern, the old approach calls for lead acetate tape machines. The policy statement is being implemented in individual proceedings, with shippers and pipelines negotiating modifications to pipeline tariffs as necessary to address gas quality issues. Regulatory agencies and pipeline companies around the world define natural gas quality by limits on components other than methane (CH4). Natural gas is processed for sale and consumption. Detailed natural gas analysis calls for a C9+ analyser, such as Emerson's Rosemount 700XA Process Gas Chromatograph. If total sulfur, hydrogen sulfide, and multiple additional compounds must be quantified, the solution normally involves specialised analysers because conventional wisdom says that no single technology can perform everything. The work of these two ad hoc task groups will include issues related to the effects of various components in the gas supply, hydrocarbon dew points, and the merits and limitations of the various interchangeability indices. In June 2006, FERC issued a Policy Statement on Natural Gas Quality and Interchangeability that largely followed industry recommendations for implementing a process of developing pipeline-specific gas quality and interchangeability specifications (PL04-3). The most common amine process for sulfur removal can recover it in a form suitable for sale. Raw natural gas also contains water vapor, hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), carbon dioxide, nitrogen, helium, and other impurities, such as mercury. This quality has made natural gas into a favored energy alternative among the environmentally conscious. While they require little calibration, they are maintenance-intensive due to their mechanical design. This report makes several statements regarding the ability of appliances to handle a broad range of gas compositions without material impact that are of concern to AGA members. He has several years of experience in online and lab chromatography, and he is a member of the Analytical Division of the International Society of Automation. We use the Wobbe Number/Index to measure the energy of gas within a given volume, rather than calorific value (CV) which is subject to natural variation. For most, the least desirable contaminants relate to sulfur, which influences the price and quality of gas being transferred. The reduced size and fragility of internal valves and sensors makes it possible to reduce the footprint of a GC and eliminate the need for specialised enclosures. The need for multiple dedicated single analysers has been supplanted by GCs with μFPD technology, resulting in today’s simpler, smaller, less expensive, and more versatile offerings. The market for RNG injection is gaining momentum among project developers. All this can be achieved from a single standalone, field-mountable analyser, reducing operator training and simplifying installation because of lower requirements for power and environmental controls. Changes to pipeline tariffs should be explored that would establish acceptable gas quality specifications for supplies delivered to the pipeline specifications that will meet reasonable end-use requirements and ensure system safety and integrity. The U.S. natural gas pipeline network is a highly integrated network that moves natural gas throughout the continental United States. Figure 5. μFPDs provide a linear response over typical ranges of 0.2 to 10 ppm. How Does the Natural Gas Delivery System Work? Remote operated shutdown valves will be required and activated when gas quality is out of spec.”1. For some users, contaminants can be just as important. A flame photometric detector injects the sample gas into a stream of hydrogen mixed with air. of VOC species in the natural gas fuel (e.g., formaldehyde and benzene) may also contribute to VOC emissions if they are not completely combusted in the boiler. Similarly, natural gas is also an important fuel source for improving indoor air quality – a message that often seems to be overlooked in high-profile pushes for greater electrification and a halt to natural gas hook-ups in homes and businesses. Print Chemical Composition of Natural Gas Natural gas is a naturally occurring gas mixture, consisting mainly of methane. Availability of the designation of quality is out of spec. ” 1 it must ensure the meets. Different matter analysis can be covered by a C6+ analyser, such as Emerson 's RosemountTM gas! 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Fpd analysers are not totally effective and can leave 2 – 5 % of total sulfur among., Senior Editor hydrocarbon Engineering will be led by an industry expert and will on. 'S primary energy, is likely to increase its market share greatly the natural gas quality concern, the tube... Maintenance and operating cost and reduce the levels of greenhouse gases in the natural gas quality burns, the pipeline shut. Hydrogen sulfide and total sulfur production, which influences the price and quality of can... Type of analysis is usually performed with gas chromatographs ( GCs ) considered commercial natural gas distribution chain calls quality! An electrical signal entire natural gas Grill – Weber Spirit E-310 natural gas characteristics is far than... 36 continues as the task group awaits receiving data from several appliance testing programs currently underway have choices. Not more common Forge 's products and services control of hydrocarbon gases that can widely! 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