[115] Additional schools were built, particularly in rural and coastal areas where the schools of the Merina had not reached. Madagascar is a member of the United Nations, the African Union (AU), the Southern African Development Community (SADC), and the Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie. [28], Tropical cyclones cause damage to infrastructure and local economies as well as loss of life. Kumar, Ann. The nation comprises the island of Madagascar (the fourth-largest islandi… W wersji polskiej udział wzięli: „Wyginam śmiało ciało” to piosenka z filmu animowanego Madagaskar, śpiewana przez fikcyjną postać króla lemurów, Juliana. [30] Zafy's term, however, was marred by economic decline, allegations of corruption, and his introduction of legislation to give himself greater powers. Planowana jest czwarta część serii[1]. Ravalomanana's 2004 creation of BIANCO, an anti-corruption bureau, resulted in reduced corruption among Antananarivo's lower-level bureaucrats in particular, although high-level officials have not been prosecuted by the bureau. Following almost a century of warring and famine, Imerina was reunited in 1793 by King Andrianampoinimerina (1787–1810). [50][51] The traveler's palm, known locally as ravinala[52] and endemic to the eastern rain forests,[53] is highly iconic of Madagascar and is featured in the national emblem as well as the Air Madagascar logo. [29] The number of Europeans has declined since independence, reduced from 68,430 in 1958[121] to 17,000 three decades later. [41] The island is home to around 170 palm species, three times as many as on all of mainland Africa; 165 of them are endemic. [85] By 600 AD, groups of these early settlers had begun clearing the forests of the central highlands. In that mission, according to detailed descriptions by chroniclers Diogo do Couto and João de Barros, emissaries reached the inland via rivers and bays, exchanging goods and even converting one of the local kings. Sculptors create a variety of furniture and household goods, aloalo funerary posts, and wooden sculptures, many of which are produced for the tourist market. [95] Among these were the Betsimisaraka alliance of the eastern coast and the Sakalava chiefdoms of Menabe and Boina on the west coast. The majority of the population adheres to traditional beliefs, Christianity, or an amalgamation of both. [3], The veneration of ancestors has led to the widespread tradition of tomb building, as well as the highlands practice of the famadihana, whereby a deceased family member's remains are exhumed and re-wrapped in fresh silk shrouds, before being replaced in the tomb. Read more > Madagascar: A Little Wild. Today, Muslims constitute 3–7 percent of the population of Madagascar and are largely concentrated in the northwestern provinces of Mahajanga and Antsiranana. Rain clouds originating over the Indian Ocean discharge much of their moisture over the island's eastern coast; the heavy precipitation supports the area's rainforest ecosystem. The famadihana is an occasion to celebrate the beloved ancestor's memory, reunite with family and community, and enjoy a festive atmosphere. Republik Madagaskar (bahasa Malagasy: Repoblikan'i Madagasikara, bahasa Prancis: Republique de Madagascar) adalah sebuah negara pulau di Samudra Hindia, lepas pesisir timur Afrika. [93] Many European sailors were shipwrecked on the coasts of the island, among them Robert Drury, whose journal is one of the few written depictions of life in southern Madagascar during the 18th century. Cattle rustling, originally a rite of passage for young men in the plains areas of Madagascar where the largest herds of cattle are kept, has become a dangerous and sometimes deadly criminal enterprise as herdsmen in the southwest attempt to defend their cattle with traditional spears against increasingly armed professional rustlers.[86]. Fifteen percent of government spending in 2008 was directed toward the health sector. [198] The Malagasy Council of Churches comprises the four oldest and most prominent Christian denominations of Madagascar (Roman Catholic, Church of Jesus Christ in Madagascar, Lutheran, and Anglican) and has been an influential force in Malagasy politics.[200]. Ecotourism and agriculture, paired with greater investments in education, health, and private enterprise, are key elements of Madagascar's development strategy. Endemic fish of Madagascar include two families, 15 genera and over 100 species, primarily inhabiting the island's freshwater lakes and rivers. The first settlers encountered Madagascar's abundance of megafauna, including giant lemurs, elephant birds, giant fossa and the Malagasy hippopotamus, which have since become extinct because of hunting and habitat destruction. [149], Despite these barriers to access, health services have shown a trend toward improvement over the past twenty years. [24], Madagascar's GDP in 2015 was estimated at US$9.98 billion, with a per capita GDP of $411.82. [30] The island's newest port at Ehoala, constructed in 2008 and privately managed by Rio Tinto, will come under state control upon completion of the company's mining project near Tôlanaro around 2038. [183] In 2019, Madagascar had a measles outbreak, resulting in 118,000 cases and 1,688 deaths. [172] Other key agricultural resources include coffee, lychees and shrimp. Membership in 2011 was estimated at 14,905.[223]. [201], Each of the many ethnic subgroups in Madagascar adhere to their own set of beliefs, practices and ways of life that have historically contributed to their unique identities. The Madagascar Wiki is a community wiki for the great Madagascar franchise. [177] Imports of such items as foodstuffs, fuel, capital goods, vehicles, consumer goods and electronics consume an estimated 52 percent of GDP. [119], The occupation of France during the Second World War tarnished the prestige of the colonial administration in Madagascar and galvanized the growing independence movement, leading to the Malagasy Uprising of 1947. The infant mortality rate in 2011 was 41 per 1,000 births,[24] with an under-five mortality rate at 61 per 1,000 births. Madagascar ggwanga mu Afirika.Ekibuga ky'ensi ekikulu kiyitibwa Antananarivo. [231], This article is about the island country. In 2017 the top exports were vanilla (US$894M), nickel metal (US$414M), cloves (US$288M), knitted sweaters (US$184M) and cobalt (US$143M). [92], The French established trading posts along the east coast in the late 17th century. [202] Malagasy people traditionally consult Mpanandro ("Makers of the Days") to identify the most auspicious days for important events such as weddings or famadihana, according to a traditional astrological system introduced by Arabs. [133] Accusations of media censorship have increased since 2009 because of the alleged intensification of restrictions on political criticism. [160] The agriculture sector constituted 29 percent of Malagasy GDP in 2011, while manufacturing formed 15 percent of GDP. [161] Tourism focuses on the niche eco-tourism market, capitalizing on Madagascar's unique biodiversity, unspoiled natural habitats, national parks and lemur species. Former president Marc Ravalomana lost the second round and he did not accept the results because of allegations of fraud. Although invertebrates remain poorly studied in Madagascar, researchers have found high rates of endemism among the known species. The monarchy ended in 1897 when the island was absorbed into the French colonial empire, from which the island gained independence in 1960. [81] It is proposed that Ma'anyan people were brought as laborers and slaves by Malay and Javanese people in their trading fleets to Madagascar. Madagascar 4: stoneage special Holiday is a 2021 American 3D computer-animated comedy adventure film, produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by Universal Pictures. [88] South Indian Tamil merchants arrived around 11th century. [209][210] An epic poem exemplifying these traditions, the Ibonia, has been handed down over the centuries in several different forms across the island, and offers insight into the diverse mythologies and beliefs of traditional Malagasy communities. [219] In addition to sports, a wide variety of games are played. Madagascar) – pełnometrażowy film animowany produkcji amerykańskiej z 2005 roku, wyprodukowany przez wytwórnię DreamWorks. A two-year resistance movement organized in response to the French capture of the royal palace was effectively put down at the end of 1897. Hundreds of public and private stations with local or regional range provide alternatives to state broadcasting. [24] Most of the country's export revenue is derived from the textiles industry, fish and shellfish, vanilla, cloves and other foodstuffs. The consequent tension between the highland and coastal populations has periodically flared up into isolated events of violence.[137]. [218] The wrestling of zebu cattle, which is named savika or tolon-omby, is also practiced in many regions. [109] France annexed Madagascar in 1896 and declared the island a colony the following year, dissolving the Merina monarchy and sending the royal family into exile on Réunion Island and to Algeria. Access to medical care remains beyond the reach of many Malagasy, especially in the rural areas, and many recourse to traditional healers. Read more > The Penguins of Madagascar. Madagascar's other sources of growth are tourism, agriculture and the extractive industries. It is the fourth largest island in the world. [144] French attacks on coastal towns in the later part of the century prompted then-Prime Minister Rainilaiarivony to solicit British assistance to provide training to the Merina monarchy's army. The negative economic impact of the political crisis was gradually overcome by Ravalomanana's progressive economic and political policies, which encouraged investments in education and ecotourism, facilitated foreign direct investment, and cultivated trading partnerships both regionally and internationally. Madagascar has produced a world champion in pétanque, a French game similar to lawn bowling, which is widely played in urban areas and throughout the Highlands. [79] However, a counterstudy concluded that human-made marks date to 1,200 years ago at the earliest, in which the previously mentioned bone damage may have been made by scavengers, ground movements or cuts from the excavation process. Ucieczka zwierząt wzbudza panikę w Nowym Jorku i ostatecznie zapada decyzja o przetransportowaniu ich wraz z dużą częścią innych mieszkańców zoo do Afryki. Statek, na którym przewożone są zwierzęta, zostaje jednak porwany przez wspomniane pingwiny, a Marty, Alex, Melman i Gloria przez splot wydarzeń trafiają na wyspę Madagaskar. Key mineral resources include various types of precious and semi-precious stones, and it currently provides half of the world's supply of sapphires, which were discovered near Ilakaka in the late 1990s. [168] The main economic resources of Madagascar are tourism, textiles, agriculture, and mining. Oryginalna wersja piosenki, I Like To Move It, została wydana w 1994 roku przez duet wykonujący muzykę house, Reel 2 Real. Ports at Mahajanga and Antsiranana are significantly less used because of their remoteness. [124], Religion in Madagascar (2010) according to the Pew Research Center[3], According to the U.S. Department of State in 2011, 41% of Madagascans practiced Christianity, and 52% adhered to traditional religions,[24] which tends to emphasize links between the living and the razana (ancestors); these numbers were drawn from the 1993 census. [181] Adult life expectancy in 2009 was 63 years for men and 67 years for women. [203], The diverse origins of Malagasy culture are evident in its tangible expressions. [106] At the end of the war, Madagascar ceded the northern port town of Antsiranana (Diego Suarez) to France and paid 560,000 francs to Lambert's heirs. [89] As Merina dominance expanded over neighboring Malagasy peoples in the early 19th century to establish the Kingdom of Madagascar, Antananarivo became the center of administration for virtually the entire island. At least 17 species of lemur have become extinct since humans arrived on Madagascar, all of which were larger than the surviving lemur species.[58]. [197] English was removed as an official language from the constitution approved by voters in the November 2010 referendum. [192], Southeast Asian features – specifically from the southern part of Borneo – are most predominant among the Merina of the central highlands,[137] who form the largest Malagasy ethnic subgroup at approximately 26 percent of the population, while certain communities among the coastal peoples (collectively called côtiers) have relatively stronger East African features. Krótko po premierze filmu piosenka ta była grana w kilku stacjach radiowych o profilu młodzieżowym, a w trzy miesiące po premierze filmu piosenka została już ściągnięta ponad 100 tysięcy razy w serwisie internetowym Strefa MP3 wp.pl. [208] Three Horses Beer is the most popular beer on the island[229] and is considered emblematic of Madagascar. [33] The few families and genera of reptile that have reached Madagascar have diversified into more than 260 species, with over 90 percent of these being endemic[59] (including one endemic family). [211] This tradition was continued in the 20th century by such artists as Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo, who is considered Africa's first modern poet,[212] and Elie Rajaonarison, an exemplar of the new wave of Malagasy poetry. [30] In 2004, Cyclone Gafilo became the strongest cyclone ever recorded to hit Madagascar. Väliaikainen presidentti vuosina 2009–2014 oli Andry Rajoelina, joka nousi valtaan armeijan tuella. [155] In 2017, Madagascar signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. By contrast, a previous study in 2008 had found only 38 percent of lemur species were at risk of extinction. Rugby union is considered the national sport of Madagascar. Under Ravalomanana, these investments produced substantial economic growth, but the benefits were not evenly spread throughout the population, producing tensions over the increasing cost of living and declining living standards among the poor and some segments of the middle class. [103] Over the course of Rainilaiarivony's 31-year tenure as prime minister, numerous policies were adopted to modernize and consolidate the power of the central government. In addition to a common language and shared traditional religious beliefs around a creator god and veneration of the ancestors, the traditional Malagasy worldview is shaped by values that emphasize fihavanana (solidarity), vintana (destiny), tody (karma), and hasina, a sacred life force that traditional communities believe imbues and thereby legitimates authority figures within the community or family. [124] Hery Rajaonarimampianina was declared the winner of the 2013 presidential election, which the international community deemed fair and transparent. [127][128][129] Madagáscar (português europeu) ou Madagascar (português brasileiro), oficialmente República de Madagáscar [6] /Madagascar [7] (malgaxe: Repoblikan'i Madagasikara; francês: République de Madagascar), anteriormente conhecida como República Malgaxe, é um país insular no Oceano Índico, que ocupa a maior ilha do continente africano, situada ao largo da costa sudeste da África. [177] Wood carving is a highly developed art form, with distinct regional styles evident in the decoration of balcony railings and other architectural elements. Marty's best friend is Alex the lion, who enjoys showing off for the public and his celebrity status as \"the king of New York\". Twenty-two million people live there; its capital is Antananarivo. [130], Madagascar is a semi-presidential representative democratic multi-party republic, wherein the popularly elected president is the head of state and selects a prime minister, who recommends candidates to the president to form his cabinet of ministers. The literacy rate is estimated at 64.7%. Similarly, the nobles of many Malagasy communities in the pre-colonial period would commonly employ advisers known as the ombiasy (from olona-be-hasina, "man of much virtue") of the southeastern Antemoro ethnic group, who trace their ancestry back to early Arab settlers. At least one upper secondary school is located in each of the larger urban centers. In parts of the arid south and west, pastoral families may replace rice with maize, cassava, or curds made from fermented zebu milk. [63] More recent contributors to the loss of forest cover include the growth in cattle herd size since their introduction around 1,000 years ago, a continued reliance on charcoal as a fuel for cooking, and the increased prominence of coffee as a cash crop over the past century. William Ellis (missionary) described his visits made during her reign in his book Three Visits to Madagascar during the years 1853, 1854 and 1856. [188] The primary schooling cycle is five years, followed by four years at the lower secondary level and three years at the upper secondary level. The last National Assembly election was held on 20 December 2013[24] and the last Senate election was held on 30 December 2015. [76], Archaeological finds such as cut marks on bones found in the northwest and stone tools in the northeast indicate that Madagascar was visited by foragers around 2000 BC. [87] A wave of Bantu-speaking migrants from southeastern Africa arrived around 1000 AD. Throughout almost the entire island, the contemporary cuisine of Madagascar typically consists of a base of rice (vary) served with an accompaniment (laoka). Madagascar, tên chính thức là nước Cộng hòa Madagascar (phiên âm tiếng Việt: Ma-đa-gát-xca; tiếng Malagasy: Repoblikan'i Madagasikara phát âm tiếng Malagasy: [republiˈkʲan madaɡasˈkʲarə̥]; tiếng Pháp: République de Madagascar) là một đảo quốc nằm trên Ấn Độ Dương, ngoài khơi bờ biển đông nam bộ của đại lục châu Phi. According to folk legend, the succession of King Andrianjaka after his father Ralambo was partially the result of the obsession that Andrianjaka's older brother may have had with playing fanorona to the detriment of his other responsibilities. [94], The wealth generated by maritime trade spurred the rise of organized kingdoms on the island, some of which had grown quite powerful by the 17th century. Gabriel Ramanantsoa, a major general in the army, was appointed interim president and prime minister that same year, but low public approval forced him to step down in 1975. The country is home to seven terrestrial ecoregions: Madagascar lowland forests, Madagascar subhumid forests, Madagascar dry deciduous forests, Madagascar ericoid thickets, Madagascar spiny thickets, Madagascar succulent woodlands, and Madagascar mangroves. English: Madagascar is an island country off the eastern coast of Africa . [15] The nation comprises the island of Madagascar (the fourth-largest island in the world) and numerous smaller peripheral islands. [57] They are almost all classified as rare, vulnerable, or endangered. [40] Many native plant species are used as herbal remedies for a variety of afflictions. W filmie wykonuje ją Sacha Baron Cohen. Madagaskar (ang. [157][158] Approximately 69 percent of the population lives below the national poverty line threshold of one dollar per day. [25], In 2018, the population of Madagascar was estimated at 26 million, up from 2.2 million in 1900. More recently, Hinduism was introduced to Madagascar through Gujarati people immigrating from the Saurashtra region of India in the late 19th century. Lemurs have been characterized as "Madagascar's flagship mammal species" by Conservation International. [96], Upon its emergence in the early 17th century, the highland kingdom of Imerina was initially a minor power relative to the larger coastal kingdoms[96] and grew even weaker in the early 18th century when King Andriamasinavalona divided it among his four sons. These parks are Marojejy, Masoala, Ranomafana, Zahamena, Andohahela and Andringitra. In 2010, a new constitution was adopted by referendum, establishing a Fourth Republic, which sustained the democratic, multi-party structure established in the previous constitution. The political crisis of 1991 led to the suspension of IMF and World Bank assistance. Teksty piosenek: Marek Robaczewski The High Constitutional Court observed in its decision that, in the absence of a language law, French still had the character of an official language. The nearest mainland state is Mozambique, located to the west. It is widely believed that by showing respect for ancestors in these ways, they may intervene on behalf of the living. Agriculture has long influenced settlement on the island. The central highlands are both drier and cooler while the west is drier still, and a semi-arid climate prevails in the southwest and southern interior of the island. [222] School athletics programs typically include soccer, track and field, judo, boxing, women's basketball and women's tennis. Within two months, a transitional government had been established under the leadership of Albert Zafy (1993–96), who went on to win the 1992 presidential elections and inaugurate the Third Republic (1992–2010). [173], Madagascar has one of the world's largest reserves of ilmenite (titanium ore), as well as important reserves of chromite, coal, iron, cobalt, copper and nickel. The most emblematic instrument of Madagascar, the valiha, is a bamboo tube zither carried to Madagascar by early settlers from southern Borneo, and is very similar in form to those found in Indonesia and the Philippines today. [99], Radama's successor, Queen Ranavalona I (1828–61), responded to increasing political and cultural encroachment on the part of Britain and France by issuing a royal edict prohibiting the practice of Christianity in Madagascar and pressuring most foreigners to leave the territory. A number of other mammals, including the cat-like fossa, are endemic to Madagascar. [140] Religious, ethnic and sexual minorities are protected under the law. 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