Christianity. Although Hinduism contains a broad range of philosophies, Hindus share philosophical concepts, such as but not limiting to dharma, karma, kama, artha, moksha and samsara, even if each subscribes to a diversity of views. [178] Along with Christians (31.5%), Muslims (23.2%) and Buddhists (7.1%), Hindus are one of the four major religious groups of the world. The Hindus still form the majority community in most states and territories of the country. In the highways which were once charming with anklets sound of beautiful women, Andhra Pradesh and northeast India are two of the regions where conversion is prevalent. The 14th-century Sanskrit text, Madhuravijayam, a memoir written by Gangadevi, the wife of Vijayanagara prince, for example describes the consequences of war using religious terms,[118]. [156][157][158], Christophe Jaffrelot states that modern Hindu nationalism was born in Maharashtra, in the 1920s, as a reaction to the Islamic Khilafat Movement wherein Indian Muslims championed and took the cause of the Turkish Ottoman sultan as the Caliph of all Muslims, at the end of the World War I. James Minahan (2012), Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia. "[81] One of the earliest uses of word 'Hindu' in religious context in a European language (Spanish), was the publication in 1649 by Sebastiao Manrique. The Hindu percentage decreased steadily from 84.1 per cent in 1951 to 79.8 per cent in 2011. [58] Pollock notes that the Yadava king Ramacandra is described as a devotee of deity Shiva (Shaivism), yet his political achievements and temple construction sponsorship in Varanasi, far from his kingdom's location in the Deccan region, is described in the historical records in Vaishnavism terms of Rama, a deity Vishnu avatar. [122] The poetry of this period contrasts Hindu and Islamic identities, states Nicholson, and the literature vilifies the Muslims coupled with a "distinct sense of a Hindu religious identity". [49][50] Historically, the term has also been used as a geographical, cultural, and later religious identifier for people living in the Indian subcontinent. [17], Two districts in West Bengal, Malda and North Dinajpur, had a Hindu majority in 2001 census which, by the time of the 2011 census, had become a Hindu minority or plurality. [168][169][170] Religious riots and social trauma followed as millions of Hindus, Jains, Buddhists and Sikhs moved out of the newly created Islamic states and resettled into the Hindu-majority post-British India. [69][70] This word Hindu is derived from the Indo-Aryan[71] and Sanskrit[71][53] word Sindhu, which means "a large body of water", covering "river, ocean". Click on the name of the country or dependency for current estimates (live population clock), historical data, and … Rajbali Pandey (2013), Hindu Saṁskāras: Socio-religious Study of the Hindu Sacraments, 2nd Edition, Motilal Banarsidass. [92][93] The term Hindu, in contemporary parlance, includes people who accept themselves as culturally or ethnically Hindu rather than with a fixed set of religious beliefs within Hinduism. [77][73], Among the earliest known records of 'Hindu' with connotations of religion may be in the 7th-century CE Chinese text Record of the Western Regions by the Buddhist scholar Xuanzang. India contains 94% of the global Hindu population, the world's largest Hindu population. [138][135] Further, it is a norm in evolving cultures that there is a gap between the "lived and historical realities" of a religious tradition and the emergence of related "textual authorities". [58] Temples dedicated to deity Rama were built from north to south India, and textual records as well as hagiographic inscriptions began comparing the Hindu epic of Ramayana to regional kings and their response to Islamic attacks. [136] According to Bhardwaj, non-Hindu texts such as the memoirs of Chinese Buddhist and Persian Muslim travellers attest to the existence and significance of the pilgrimage to sacred geography among Hindus by later 1st millennium CE. [173][174] A specific law, contentious between Hindu nationalists and their opponents in India, relates to the legal age of marriage for girls. The top twenty-five countries with the most Hindu residents and citizens (in decreasing order) are India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, United States, Malaysia, Myanmar, United Kingdom, Mauritius, South Africa, United Arab Emirates, Canada, Australia, Saudi Arabia, Trinidad and Tobago, Singapore, Fiji, Qatar, Kuwait, Guyana, Bhutan, Oman and Yemen. ; Israel ranks number 100 in the list of countries (and dependencies) by population. The upper map shows distribution of Hindus, the lower of Buddhists, Jains and Sikhs. Pashaura Singh states, "in Persian writings, Sikhs were regarded as Hindu in the sense of non-Muslim Indians". [160] The Hindu nationalism ideology that emerged, states Jeffrelot, was codified by Savarkar while he was a political prisoner of the British colonial empire. Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya (1998), Representing the other? [30] Copies of the letter were forwarded in October 2020 to Prime Minister Narendra Modi, home minister Amit Shah, chief minister Yogi Adityanath and district magistrate of Ayodhya. Most of the north and northwest India, especially Gujarat, remains the stronghold of Hinduism. [58][60] The 14th- and 18th-century Indian poets such as Vidyapati, Kabir and Eknath used the phrase Hindu dharma (Hinduism) and contrasted it with Turaka dharma (Islam). [...], During the colonial era, the term Hindu had connotations of native religions of India, that is religions other than Christianity and Islam. [55][56], The historical development of Hindu self-identity within the local Indian population, in a religious or cultural sense, is unclear. I very much lament for what happened to the groves in Madhura, [citation needed], A decrease in the 1991–2001 period is observed in Manipur, from 57 per cent to 52 per cent population share, where there has been a resurgence of the indigenous Sanamahi religion. Gail Minault (1982), The Khilafat Movement: Religious Symbolism and Political Mobilization in India, Columbia University Press. The Census Bureau is … Basic Shiksha Parishad, Allahabad, U.P. The Deoband tehsil in the Saharanpur district saw a decline in the proportion of the Hindu population from 70.19 per cent in 2001 to 59.8 per cent in 2011, a drop of 10.39 percentage points. [25] In 2016, total annual births to Muslim parents surpassed that of Hindus for the first time. This had declined to 56.74 per cent by 2011 – a drop of 2.74 percentage points. The Vedic culture developed in India in 1500 BCE and 500 BCE. [163][164][165] Jaffrelot states that the efforts of Christian missionaries and Islamic proselytizers, during the British colonial era, each of whom tried to gain new converts to their own religion, by stereotyping and stigmatising Hindus to an identity of being inferior and superstitious, contributed to Hindus re-asserting their spiritual heritage and counter cross examining Islam and Christianity, forming organisations such as the Hindu Sabhas (Hindu associations), and ultimately a Hindu-identity driven nationalism in the 1920s. 19, No. [73] While Xuanzang suggested that the term refers to the country named after the moon, another Buddhist scholar I-tsing contradicted the conclusion saying that In-tu was not a common name for the country. According to the 2011 Census of India, 966.3 million people identify as Hindu,[1] representing 79.8% of the country's population. Ludo Rocher (1986), The Puranas, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. [83] In the texts of Delhi Sultanate era, states Sharma, the term Hindu remains ambiguous on whether it means people of a region or religion, giving the example of Ibn Battuta's explanation of the name "Hindu Kush" for a mountain range in Afghanistan. The term 'Hindu' meant people who were non-Muslims, and it included Buddhists of the region. In response to the activities of Christian missionaries in India, hardline Hindu groups such as Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP) have aggressively started reconversion of converted Christians as well as Muslims to Hinduism. [167] The successes of each side fed the fears of the other, leading to the growth of Hindu nationalism and Muslim nationalism in the Indian subcontinent. 281, pages 224–230. [91] The term does not include those who identify with other Indian religions such as Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism or various animist tribal religions found in India such as Sarnaism. 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