Two developments had come in since William the Conqueror’s day: the occasional mission of royal justices into the shires and the occasional use of a jury of local notables as fact finders in cases of land tenure. Media in category "Henry II of England" The following 10 files are in this category, out of 10 total. Please consider upgrading your browser software or enabling style sheets (CSS) if you are able to do so. Description. His father was Count of Anjou and his mother Matilda, daughter of Henry I of England. Henry II (5 March 1133 – 6 July 1189), also known as Henry Curtmantle (French: Court-manteau), Henry FitzEmpress or Henry Plantagenet, was King of England from 1154 to his death. At the beginning of his reign Henry found England in disorder, with royal authority ruined by civil war and the violence of feudal magnates. Category:Henry II of England. On July 12, 1174, he did public penance at Canterbury. He was as much concerned with his empire in France as he was with England. King Henry II of England was born on March 5, 1133, in Le Mans, the capital of the County of Maine, now in France. Henry II of England was a famous King of England, who was born on March 5, 1133.As a person born on this date, Henry II of England is listed in our database as the 14th most popular celebrity for … A second rebellion flared up in 1181 with a quarrel between his sons Henry and Richard over the government of Aquitaine, but young Henry died in 1183. Of stocky build, with freckled face, close-cut tawny hair, and gray eyes, he dressed carelessly and grew to be bulky; but his personality commanded attention and drew men to his service. His sons - Henry, Geoffrey, Richard and John - mistrusted each other and resented their father's policy of dividing land among them. This writ was returnable; if the sheriff failed to achieve reinstatement, he had to summon the defendant to appear before the King’s justices and himself be present with the writ. Why Famous: Henry II inherited the English crown from his uncle Stephen I and through his mother Matilda, herself a claimant to the throne. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. Using his talented chancellor Thomas Becket, Henry began reorganising the judicial system. Early in his reign Henry obtained from Malcolm IV of Scotland homage and the restoration of Northumberland, Cumberland, and Westmorland, and later in the reign (1174) homage was exacted from William the Lion, Malcolm’s brother and successor. Read more. A doubt of guilt was settled by ordeal by battle; the accused in the shire underwent tests held to reveal God’s judgment. None was blameless, but the cause of the quarrels was principally Henry’s policy of dividing his dominions among his sons while reserving real authority for himself. He was already Duke of Normandy and Count of Anjou, and became Duke of Aquitaine when he married Eleanor of Aquitaine, the former queen of France. The council contained an unusually able group of men—some of them were great barons, such as Richard de Lucy and Robert de Beaumont, earl of Leicester; others included civil servants, such as Nigel, bishop of Ely, Richard Fitzneale, and his son, Richard of Ilchester. Thomas Becket/Henry II of England (7) Philip II of France/Richard I of England (4) Anne Neville Queen of England/Richard III of England (3) Jon Snow/Sansa Stark (1) Peter Abélard/Héloïse d’Argenteuil (1) Allison Argent/Scott McCall (1) Harold Finch/John Reese (1) Alais (Lion in Winter)/Henry II of England (1) The son of Geoffrey IV, Count of Anjou and Queen Matilda, Henry was born in LeMans France, and acceded the throne of England in 1154, where he was crowned on December 19. Henry was born at Le Mans in north west France on 4 March 1133. Please select which sections you would like to print: While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Jump to navigation Jump to search. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Henry II of England. Omissions? The ministers who engaged upon these reforms took a fully professional interest in the business they handled, as may be seen in Fitzneale’s writing on the Exchequer and that of the chief justiciar, Ranulf de Glanville, on the laws of England; and many of the expedients adopted by the King may have been suggested by them. He was the first king of the House of Plantagenet.King Louis VII of France made him Duke of Normandy in 1150. This provided a system of criminal investigation for the whole country, with a reasonable verdict probable because the firm accusation of the jury entailed exile even if the ordeal acquitted the accused. And so, an English presence in Ireland was established. In 1184 Richard quarrelled with John, who had been ordered to take Aquitaine off his hands. 2. Henry II, King of England, Lord of Ireland, Duke of Normandy and Aquitaine, Count of Anjou and Maine, was born 5 March 1133 in Le Mans, France to Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou and Maine (1113-1151) and Matilda of Normandy (1102-1167) and died 6 July 1189 Chinon, France of unspecified causes. It led to a complete severance of relations and to the Archbishop’s voluntary exile. The feud with Louis implied friendly relations with Germany, where Henry was helped by his mother’s first marriage to the emperor Henry V but hindered by Frederick’s maintenance of an antipope, the outcome of a disputed papal election in 1159. In 1164, Henry reasserted his ancestral rights over the church. Henry, and his two sons, Richard and John, sometimes referred to by historians as the Angevins, sometimes the Plantagenets, have had a tough time being assessed fairly by history, literature, and the general public. Henry, the great-grandson of William the Conqueror, was the first of the House of Plant Moreover, Henry’s decrees ensured that the judge-and-jury combination would become normal and that the jury would gradually supplant ordeal and battle as being responsible for the verdict. Of his five sons, only Richard and John survived his death on July 6, 1189. The next morning, Henry II found out that the Scottish king had been captured and the northern invasion was over. Read more. Thomas Becket being murdered by four knights in Canterbury Cathedral on December 29, 1170. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Four knights took his words literally and murdered Becket in Canterbury Cathedral in December 1170. English Monarch. Henry, the great-grandson of … I have always loved anything about Henry II who is considered one of the greatest monarchs in English history. Het grote machtsgebied dat Hendrik had opgebouwd, wordt het Angevijnse Rijkgenoemd. Henry II had at least a few illicit lovers, who bore him several illegitimate children, although by no means as many as his grandfather Henry I or his son John. King Stephen agreed to accept Henry as his coadjutor and heir. The fourth volume of the definitive scholarly edition of the Letters and Charters of Henry II, King of England 1154-1189. Henry II ruled as King of England, Count of Anjou, Count of Maine, Duke of Normandy, Duke of Aquitaine, Duke of Gascony, Count of Nantes, Lord of Ireland and, at various times, controlled parts of Wales, Scotland and western France. This is an excellent book. The justices formed three groups: one on tour, one “on the bench” at Westminster, and one with the King when the court was out of London. William Marsh… Fearing the creation of a separate Norman power to the west, Henry travelled to Dublin to assert his overlordship of the territory they had won. Edward I was a Strong and Formidable King Whose Presence Once Caused A Man to Die of Fright! All these writs gave rapid and clear verdicts subject to later revision. Among these was the King’s council of barons, with its inner group of ministers who were both judges and accountants and who sat at the Exchequer, into which the taxes and dues of the shires were paid by the King’s local representative, the sheriff (shire-reeve). Henry II of England (5 March 1133 – 6 July 1189) ruled as Count of Anjou, Duke of Normandy, and as King of England (1154– 1189) and, at various times, controlled parts of … Henry was forced to give way. The king's attempt to find an inheritance for John led to opposition from Richard and Philip II of France. Henry died of disease on 6th July 1189, deserted by his remaining sons who continued to war against him. He could be regarded as one of England’s greatest monarchs after inheriting and uniting a ruined and divided kingdom before earning a fearsome reputation as an empire builder on the continent. On 19 December 1154 King Henry II was crowned at Westminster Abbey. Image from. His first task was to crush the unruly elements and restore firm government, using the existing institutions of government, with which the Anglo-Norman monarchy was well provided. On hearing this Henry reportedly exclaimed, 'Will no one rid me of this turbulent priest?' Henry II, also known as Henry Curtmantle or Henry FitzEmpress, was the King of England (1154–89) and the founder of the Plantagenet dynasty that would rule over the country for almost 300 years after him. This success was obscured for contemporaries and later historians by the varied and often dramatic interest of political and personal events, and not until the 19th century—when the study of the public records began and when legal history was illuminated by the British jurist Frederic William Maitland and his followers—did the administrative genius of Henry and his servants appear in its true light. Some, indeed, were under the feudal overlordship of the king of France. Author of. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Henry II of England, also known as Henry II Curtmantle (Le Mans, France, 5 March 1133 – Chinon, France, 6 July 1189) was also Count of Anjou, Count of Maine, Duke of Normandy, Duke of Aquitaine, Duke of Gascony, Count of Nantes, Lord of Ireland and, at various times, controlled parts of Wales, Scotland and western France. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Archbishop Thomas Becket is brutally murdered in Canterbury Cathedral by four knights of King Henry II of England, apparently on orders of the king. Henry was born at Le Mans in north west France on 4 March 1133. established by Henry II of England, Duke of Normandy, Count of Anjou, comprised of half of France, all of England, parts of Ireland and Wales anglo saxons The Anglo-Saxons were a people who inhabited Great Britain from the 5th century. During the Anarchy, Geoffrey didn’t just rest on his laurels while his wife battled … Finally, the increasing use of scutage, and the availability of the royal courts for private suits, were effective agents in molding the feudal monarchy into a monarchical bureaucracy before the appearance of Parliament. The fees enriched the treasury, and recourse to the courts both extended the King’s control and discouraged irregular self-help. Although the claim of his mother, Matilda, daughter of Henry I, to the English crown had been set aside by her cousin, King Stephen, in 1152, Henry advanced his fortunes by marrying the beautiful and talented Eleanor, recently divorced from King Louis VII of France, who brought with her hand the lordship of Aquitaine. In 1169, an Anglo-Norman force landed in Ireland to support of one of the claimants to the Irish high kingship. Henry II (1133–1189) was crowned king of England in 1154. Henry had taken Louis’s former wife and her rich heritage. English Monarch. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. King of England. Henry, who was the duke of Aquitaine, had a claim to the English throne, and he invaded England in 1153. His sons were pardoned, but Eleanor was kept in custody until her husband died. His quarrels with the archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Becket, and with various family members (including his son, Richard the Lionheart) ultimately brought about his defeat. Edited by Nicholas Vincent, this scholarly set is the most considerable body of charter evidence ever presented for the history of the Plantagenet realm. In 1153, he crossed to England to pursue his claim to the throne, reaching an agreement that he would succeed Stephen on his death, which occurred in 1154. One was scutage, the commutation of military service for a money payment; the other was the obligation, put on all free men with a property qualification by the Assize of Arms (1181), to possess arms suitable to their station. Henry II was king of England from 1154 to 1189. Henry’s prestige was at a low ebb after the murder of Becket and recent taxation, but he reacted energetically, settled matters in Normandy and Brittany, and crossed to England, where fighting had continued for a year. There were serious family disputes in 1173, 1181 and 1184. Restless, impetuous, always on the move, regardless of the convenience of others, he was at ease with scholars, and his administrative decrees were the work of a cool realist. https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/henry-ii-of-england-33394.php The quarrel with Becket, Henry’s trusted and successful chancellor (1154–62), broke out soon after Becket’s election to the archbishopric of Canterbury (May 1162). His quarrels with the archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Becket, and with various family members (including his son, Richard the Lionheart) ultimately brought about his defeat. He could be a good companion, with ready repartee in a jostling crowd, but he displayed at times an ungovernable temper and could be heartless and ruthless when necessary. He was the first of the Angevin kings, and one of England's most effective monarchs. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Those at Westminster dealt with private pleas and cases sent up from the justices on eyre. Regius Professor of Modern History, University of Cambridge, 1954–63. In any case, the long-term results were very great. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Although not a glorious end to his reign, it is Henry II’s legacy that remains proud. This was the writ of Novel Disseisin (i.e., recent dispossession). In the early months of the reign the King, using his energetic and versatile chancellor Becket, beat down the recalcitrant barons and their castles and began to restore order to the country and to the various forms of justice. Henry II Two other practices developed by Henry became permanent. King of England from 1154, Henry strengthened royal administration but suffered from quarrels with Thomas Becket and his own family. This page has been archived and is no longer updated. Above all stood the King’s right to set up courts for important pleas and to hear, either in person or through his ministers, any appeal. Richard joined the protest of the others and was supported by Eleanor. Henry took a personal interest in the technique of the Exchequer, which was described at length for posterity in the celebrated Dialogus de scaccario, whose composition seemed to Maitland “one of the most wonderful things of Henry’s wonderful reign.” How far these royal servants were responsible for the innovations of the reign cannot be known, though the development in practice continued steadily, even during the King’s long absences abroad. In 1150 - 1151, Henry became ruler of Normandy and Anjou, after the death of his father. Henry I (c. 1068 – 1 December 1135), also known as Henry Beauclerc, was King of England from 1100 to his death in 1135. He was king of England from 1154 to 1189, spending just 14 years in aggregate on English soil. Henry II (5 March 1133 – 6 July 1189) ruled as King of England (1154–1189), Count of Anjou, Count of Maine, Duke of Normandy, Duke of Aquitaine, Duke of Gascony, Count of Nantes, Lord of Ireland and, at various times, controlled parts of Wales, Scotland and western France. Rosamund Clifford (before 1150 – c. 1176), often called "The Fair Rosamund" or the "Rose of the World" (rosa mundi), was famed for her beauty and was a mistress of King Henry II of England… By conquest, through diplomacy, and through the marriages of two of his sons, he gained acknowledged possession of what is now the west of France from the northernmost part of Normandy to the Pyrenees, near Carcassonne. His remarkable achievements were impaired, however, by the stresses caused by a dispute with Becket and by discords in his own family. Henry II (5 March 1133 6 July 1189) ruled as Count of Anjou, Duke of Normandy, and as King of England (11541189) and, at various times, controlled parts of Wales, Scotland, eastern Ireland, and western France. Henry now had problems within his own family. His territories are often called the Angevin Empire. Henry had named Matilda as his successor to the English throne but her cousin Stephen had taken over. BBC © 2014 The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. While you will be able to view the content of this page in your current browser, you will not be able to get the full visual experience. The quarrel touched what was to be the King’s chief concern—the country’s judicial system. Arguably one of the most effective Kings ever to wear the English crown and the first of the great Plantagenet dynasty, the future Henry II was born at Le Mans, Anjou on 5th March, 1133. By the multiplication of a class of experts in finance and law Henry did much to establish two great professions, and the location of a permanent court at Westminster and the character of its business settled for England (and for much of the English-speaking world) that common law, not Roman law, would rule the courts and that London, and not an academy, would be its principal nursery. The feudal regime introduced by the Normans added courts of the manor and of the honour (a complex of estates). His empire building laid the foundation for England and later, Britain’s ability to become a global power. Henry II’s plans to divide the Angevin “empire” among his sons led to many quarrels and wars. He issued the Constitutions of Clarendon, which restricted ecclesiastical privileges and curbed the power of church courts. There was a general revolt of the baronage in England and Normandy, supported by Louis VII in France and William the Lion in Scotland. In striking contrast to the checkered pattern of Henry’s wars and schemes, his governance of England displays a careful and successful adaptation of means to a single end—the control of a realm served by the best administration in Europe. With Louis the relationship was ambiguous. Equally effective were the “possessory assizes.” In the feudal world, especially in times of turmoil, violent ejections and usurpations were common, with consequent vendettas and violence. The main article for this category is Henry II of England. Select from premium Henry Ii Of England of the highest quality. Henry was born in France in 1133. In addition, the assizes gave fast and clear verdicts, enriched the treasury and extended royal control. Throughout his adult life Henry’s sexual morality was lax; but his relations with Eleanor, 11 years his senior, were for long tolerably harmonious, and, between 1153 and 1167, she bore him eight children. Henry’s first comprehensive program was the Assize of Clarendon (1166), in which the procedure of criminal justice was established; 12 “lawful” men of every hundred, and four of every village, acting as a “jury of presentment,” were bound to declare on oath whether any local man was a robber or murderer. His quarrels with Thomas Becket, archbishop of Canterbury, and with members of his own family (his wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine, and such sons as Richard the Lion-Heart and John Lackland) ultimately brought about his defeat. More dangerous were the domestic quarrels, which thwarted Henry’s plans and even endangered his life and which finally brought him down in sorrow and shame. In 1155, Henry was defeated and forced to give way, and news that John also had joined his enemies hastened the King’s death near Tours in 1189. As a remedy Henry established the possessory writ, an order from the Exchequer, directing the sheriff to convene a sworn local jury at petty assize to establish the fact of dispossession, whereupon the sheriff had to reinstate the defendant pending a subsequent trial at the grand assize to establish the rights of the case. Henry II (5 March 1133 – 6 July 1189), also known as Henry Curtmantle (French language: Court-manteau), Henry FitzEmpress or Henry Plantagenet, ruled as Count of Anjou, Count of Maine, Duke of Normandy, Duke of Aquitaine, Count of Nantes, King of England (1154–89) and Lord of Ireland; at various times, he also controlled Wales, Scotland and Brittany. Who was Henry II of England? In the course of his reign, Henry had dominion over territories stretching from the Ireland to the Pyrenees. Behalve door de opbouw van dit feodale rij… Reigned: 1154–1189. Henry II Of England: his birthday, what he did before fame, his family life, fun trivia facts, popularity rankings, and more.
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