Worldwide, Mexico is responsible for emitting 1.33% of GHG worldwide. In daily human activities, the use of fossil fuels, deforestation and livestock, among many others, increase the concentration of GHG (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulfur hexafluoride and black carbon) in the atmosphere causing the rise of temperature in the Earth. National GHG contribution by sector. The 2013, INEYCEF plans to convert aspirational commitments into mandatory targets. [1] Extreme heat can negatively affect crops by slowing down growth and increasing moisture loss in the soil. Underlying this is the México General Climate Change Law (2012-18) . [9] In 2012, higher than average temperatures and high-altitude rains led to an outbreak of coffee leaf rust, affecting roughly 50 percent of the coffee crop in Central America. Their functions are; i) advise the CICC and recommend the realization of studies, policies and actions, as well as set goals to face the adverse effects of climate change and ii) promote social participation, informed and responsible, through public consultations. There were some dire warnings at a climate change meeting in Cancún, where experts noted the importance of the preservation of mangrove swamps. [14] This is important because the distribution of these forests is an integral factor of landscape connectivity. Most of the state has warmed at least one degree (F) in the last century. According to the National Inventory of Greenhouse Gases (GHG), issued by the INECC (2015) with information in 2013. Oaxaca 2014 [17] The results also revealed that land-use change had less of an effect on habitat suitability for bats than climate change. Confronting climate change in both adaptation and mitigation requires that institutions and effective instruments to reduce their emissions of greenhouse gases and to increase the adaptive capacity of the country. [15] Researchers are investigating how protected ecosystems in Mexico will be affected by climate change, and to what degree. The Climate Change Fund was created and will be operated with a technical committee made up of the Ministries of Finance and Public Credit, Economy, Governance, Agrarian, Territorial and Urban Development, SEMARNAT and SAGARPA. It also has the participation of the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI). The temperature in all areas of Mexico typically ranges between 50°F and 90°F throughout the year. [clarification needed], The mean annual temperature has increased by 0.6° C in Mexico since 1960. According to articles 98 and 104 of the LGCC, once in two years, an evaluation of the National Climate Change Policy (PNCC) must be carried out to improve the design and processes to deal more efficiently with the challenges of the Climate Change in Mexico, that move towards a low carbon economy and decrease the vulnerability of the population. National Communications (6th Communication) Its main function is to evaluate the scientific, technical and socioeconomic information, the potential impacts and the existing options for the mitigation and adaptation of Climate Change. [33], In 2012, Mexico passed a comprehensive climate change bill, a first in the developing world, that has set a goal for the country to generate 35% of its energy from clean energy sources by 2024, and to cut emissions by 50% by 2050, from the level found in 2000. [42][7], Due to a continual process of farmer-mediated selection and their diverse genetic makeup, maize landraces in Mexico have the ability to adapt and evolve to changing environmental conditions; although it will be difficult to predict exactly how they will change or the extent to which they will be able to adapt, particularly to rising temperatures. Climate change is making Mexico’s land far less suitable for growing food and crops. The NDCs were integrated into 30 measures distributed in 8 economic sectors, according to a study that shows the methodology and costs to reach the mitigation goal for 2030. Baja California 2012 Ciudad de México 2014. The first (NC1) was reported by 151 countries, the second (NC2) by 133, the third (NC3) by 58, in the fourth (NC4) by 4 countries and the fifth evaluation was only delivered by Mexico. [9][12] Yet, there are also large-scale and global factors at play, such as international trade markets, which are often volatile, that are beyond farmers’ control. While stress-tolerant maize transgenics could bring important benefits to Mexico, there are a number of concerns associated with them. To face it in global communities and national level, - substantial changes are necessary accordingly. Throughout the southwestern United States, heat wcomingaves are be more common, and snow is melting earlier in spring. (2011) discuss the need to strengthen and broaden traditional seed networks in Mexico to support farmers and the genetic integrity of maize in light of climate change; thus, extending the geographic ranges of seed networks to link farmers in the highlands, for example, with farmers in mid-altitude environments. Higher temperatures are expected to increase evapotranspiration rates, leading to drying trends in soil moisture.[29]. [32] Bellon et al. Chihuahua 2014 Hidalgo 2013 To implement the agreements, the Kyoto Protocol was created, which came into force in 2005 and with this, the countries acquired specific commitments and a plan of actions until 2020. "[4], Altered precipitation patterns and warming temperatures has led to economic insecurity in Mexico, particularly for smallholder farmers who grow Mexico’s economically and culturally important crops: maize and coffee. [24], There is evidence to suggest that declining agricultural conditions from climate change in Mexico directly relates to migration to the United States. The contribution of Mexico contains two components, one for mitigation and the other for adaptation. Its NDC pledged to cut … In the Chamber of Deputies, there is a Commission on Climate Change and the Environment Commission. However, the Fund has received very small and insufficient for the challenges that Mexico faces in the face of Climate Change, as shown in the following figure. The 93% of the gases emitted by the transport are from private cars, buses, cargo trucks, and motorcycles (as an example, it is shown a CO2 estimate by different type of transport that is not linked to the current emissions of Mexico). Climate Change in Mexico Chiapas 2007 In 2018 the General Law on Climate Change (LGCC) was modified to fulfilled the Paris Agreement are established, incorporating the goal to limit the increase of the average temperature of the planet less than 2°C. By 2030 it is estimated that emissions from the transport sector will be 266 million tons of CO2e. Figure 12 Resources for adaptation and mitigation of the effects of climate change, Source: Budget of Expenditures of the Federation. Veracruz 2009 Between 1999 and 2015, emissions in Mexico increased by 54%, with an annual growth rate of 1.7%. In 2012, Mexico was the first country that implemented the national legislation within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), drafting the General Law on Climate Change and becoming one of the pioneers at the international level in matters of legislative creation to reduce GHG emissions, regulate the national policy of mitigation and adaptation and prioritize strategic actions with the greatest potential to provide co-benefits of health and well-being for the population. Figure 10. In Mexico, the governments of the states and municipalities of the country have diverse attributions in the matter of climate change, which are summarized below; Farmers are finding it more difficult to predict rainfall, which if predicted wrong can waste "an entire season's worth of seeds". [33][9] For example, a direct relationship between declining crop yields in Mexico and migration was found. State Action Plans for Climate Change [34][35] During the 2016 North American Leaders' Summit, the target of 50% of electricity generated from renewable sources by 2025 was announced. [23], Drying and warming trends are altering and shifting climatic zones and agricultural environments worldwide,[24][25] and Mexico is no exception. "Climate Change Threatens Mexican Agriculture - Mexico", "Climate Change and Migration in Mexico: A Report Launch", "Climate change and migration in Mexico: Fifth in our series", "How Is Climate Change Affecting Mexico? The cost of the 30 sectoral measures amounts, 126 billion USD (in 2014-2030). This proposal examines agricultural transitions, their drivers, and potential climate change impacts across Mexico for the nation’s main grain crop, maize. Mexico is committed to developing and disseminating its inventory of anthropogenic GHGs emissions by sources and the absorption by sinks of all GHGs not controlled by the Montreal Protocol, using comparable methodologies that will have to be agreed by political parties. In the projection, over the 2014-2030 period, the average cost of mitigation derived from the CND scenario is already considered as a saving starting in 2020. The update of the National Inventory of Emissions of Gases and Greenhouse Compounds (INEGYCEI) 1990-2015 will be part of the Sixth National Communication and the Second Biennial Update Report. The CICC is the permanent mechanism for coordinating actions among the dependencies of the Federal Public Administration on climate change. Already climate change has impacted agriculture,[1] biodiversity, farmer livelihoods, and migration,[2][3] as well as "water, health, air pollution, traffic disruption from floods, [and] housing vulnerability to landslides. Mexico has mitigation commitments for 2014-2030 and it is an example all over the world on Climate Change. [24] Many scientists are concerned about the effects climate change poses on maize genetic diversity and the negative impacts that continued maize germplasm loss will have, not only on Mexican agriculture, but worldwide, as maize is the most widely grown crop in the world. [24] Decreased precipitation will place higher burdens on irrigated agriculture, on which much of the country’s exported, economically-important crops rely. The INECC is a research institute that coordinates and carries out studies and projects of scientific and technological research with academic, research, public or private institutions, national or foreign, in the matter of climate change. These asymmetries create challenges for governance, planning, effective communication of The indicators included in the Atlas are able to observe progress in the fulfillment of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). Climate change threatens not only food and economic security in Mexico, but is also tied to much larger, global food systems. Figure 7. Monarch butterflies provide a unique spectacle every fall as they migrate to Mexico to hibernate for the winter. Flesch. Climate change is one of the biggest challenges that human beings face to, today. [24] Mexico’s maize yields are expected to decline from 1555 to 1440 kg/ha by 2055. In this sense, the sectors that show greater profitability are; electricity, transport, residential, commercial; the least profitable are oil, gas and land use change, as shown in the following figure. Emphasis on diffusion on the importance of conserving instead of restoring. It is made up of 14 Secretariats of State: Ministry of the Interior (SEGOB), Ministry of Foreign Affairs (SRE), Ministry of the Navy (SEMAR), Ministry of Finance and Public Credit (SHCP), Ministry of Social Development (SEDESOL), Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT), Secretariat of Energy (SENER), Ministry of Economy (SE), Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fisheries and Food (SAGARPA), Ministry of Communications and Transportation (SCT), Ministry of Public Education (SEP), Ministry of Health (SSA), Ministry of Tourism (SECTUR) and the Ministry of Agrarian, Territorial and Urban Development (SEDATU). [7], Recommended climate adaptation strategies for coffee production in Mexico include (1) promoting farming practices that increase biodiversity, such as agroforestry, which provides protection against extreme weather events and allows for product diversification, (2) diversifying farmer incomes to mitigate risks from climate and market volatility, and (3) enabling markets that support sustainable coffee growing practices, among others. Currently, Mexico is only country from Latin America has made the first six communications as a developing country, (1997, 2001, 2006, 2009, 2012 and November 2018), following the guidelines of the UNFCCC to inform its efforts to confront climate change according to a methodology.. National Atlas of Vulnerability of Climate Change The largest changes in precipitation are anticipated to occur during the summer months, especially in southern Mexico. Querétaro In process Source: Expenditure Budget of the Federation. Yet, it is unclear whether agricultural transitions in response to non-climatic factors lead to maladaptation to longer-term changes in climate. It was the first developing country to submit an NDC in 2015. There is Paris Agreement within the framework of the UNFCCC, which came into force in 2016 where the countries establish measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Figure 9. 7. [18] Researchers set up a 19 year study of small mammal populations in the Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve located in Jalisco, Mexico. [7] As such, scientists, including the IPCC, have classified the entire Central American region as a “climate change hot-spot”[8] and “highly vulnerable” to climate change. In terms of climate change, the Chamber of Senators and Deputies have committees that aims promoting laws or amendments to reduce GHG emissions and promote strategies for mitigation and adaptation. This includes the construction of a new oil refinery and a new budget allocation to the “modernisation” of coal, diesel, gas and oil-fuelled power plants, some of which the previous administration had already scheduled for retirement. In the General Forestry Law, a modification must be made since it does not allow the Acehúche (low forest) to regenerate and these lands that could be used for conservation are eventually allocated to agriculture. Baja California Sur 2012 Farmer education, access to information, health, and equity factors all play important roles in adaptation responses as well. 5. [24], In Mexico and Central America more broadly, some 8.5 million people rely on coffee production for their livelihoods. Tlaxcala 2014 The country’s comprehensive strategy for climate resilient and low carbon economic growth is one of the most ambitious in the world. Institutionality According to the Sixth National Communication presented in September 2018 by the National Institute of Ecology and Climate Change, Mexico currently ranks 13th in the world in the emission of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) and the second in Latin America after Brazil. From 2010 to 2015 the TCMA decreased to 0.8%. Adaptation focuses on reducing vulnerability and increasing the resilience of society, infrastructure and productive systems, together with the conservation and sustainable use of ecosystems. [17] As an indicator species, bats can provide researchers useful information on the degree and extent of climate related species responses. The mitigation component includes two types of measures: unconditionally the country can afford with their own resources and measures, based on requirement on the establishment of a new international climate change regime in which Mexico that can obtain additional resources and transfer effectively technology and mechanisms. 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